'Brinkley’s a Survey of Us History Chapter 29: the Cold War Essay\r'

'1) Origins of the Cold fight\r\na) Sources of Soviet-American Tensions\r\ni) Rivalry e unified b/c of different wads of postwar normal * US fore apothegm world where countrys got rid of handed-down beliefs, such as soldiers every last(predicate)iances, and used an multi stateal ecesis which would resolve disputes * Soviet pith want to swan areas of strategic square off * Vaguely comparable to traditional europiuman balance of world-beater * Churchill similarly envisi superstard this\r\nb) Wartime Diplomacy\r\ni) Tensions began in 1943 b/c of Allied refusal to feed second front by means of invasion of France * at Tehran Conference, Roosevelt and Stalin formed level-headed relationship * Stalin agreed to inspection and repair US in Pacific erst war with Germany was everyplace in exchange for the opening of the second front in France * But, dispute over governance of Poland showed signs of future contrarietys beingnessness clearly visible * Roosevelt and Chu rchill were willing to give Soviet Union rough of Poland, al whiz cherished the fine-tune govt in exile in GB to care control again * Stalin wanted pro commie govt to take control c) Yalta\r\ni) Meeting of Big threesome at Yalta in 1945\r\n* In turn for Stalin’s promise to help the US out in the Pacific, Roosevelt promised Stalin land fundament that was lost in the Russo pinchanese War\r\n* in like manner led to plan to arrive at United Nations\r\n* General meeting f whole out and protective cover Council\r\n* each member was recognized in the General Assembly\r\n* In hostage measures Counsel, at that place were 5 ageless representatives (USA, GB, France, Soviet Union, chinaware), each of which would spend a penny veto power ii) There was besides a lot of disagreement\r\n* One was over future of Polish govt (indep land upent and commonwealthan vs. commie) * Stalin eventually agreed to al downcasting an unspecified number of elective Poles into the govt and consented to hold â€Å" absolve and unfettered elections” on an unspecified future date * Elections did not take place for to a greater extent than 40 years * An opposite was over the future of Germany\r\n* US wanted a hypothecate and re united Germany * Stalin wanted heavy reparations and to ensure a invariable dismemberment of the landed estate * finally agreed to waging and each Ally given German â€Å"zona” * decision on reparations would be decided at a future commission * and at an unspecified date, Germany would be reunifyd ( entirely there was no agreement on how the reunification would occur * as for the future of the inhabit of Europe, the conference produced a murky accord that the establishments of govt’s â€Å"broadly representative of all democratic elements” and â€Å" obligated to the will of the flock” * Soviet variations of the accords differed sharply from those of the Anglo-American interpretation * In the weeks fol lo furtherg, Roosevelt watched with growing alarm as the Soviets raise pro communist govts all over primeval and eastern Europe and refused to make the changes to Poland as he promised\r\n2) The Collapse of the Peace\r\na) The Failure of Potsdam\r\ni) After Roosevelt’s death in April 1945, sunrise(prenominal) Pres Truman decided US needed to â€Å"Get Tough” w Soviets to follow Yalta accords * Truman had bitty leverage to compel the Soviet Union to listen to him, wherefore he was strained to go by with little ii) Potsdam Conference in July ended w/ Stalin receiving appendd land w/ forward-looking Polish-German frame * US refused to accept German reparations from other associate’ zones to go to Soviets entirely US recognized freshly communist Polish govt chthonic Soviet influence * Allied zones would unite as one nation (West Germany) and be separate from Soviet’s reference of Germany (East Germany) b) The China Problem\r\ni) US had visi on of open world â€Å"policed” by major powers * But vision troubled by less-traveled and corrupt Chinese govt under Chiang Kai-shek ( contained by US aid during cultivated war) who battled communists under monoamine oxidase Zedong * By 1945, communist controlled ¼ of the cosmos\r\n* Because US didn’t want to support communists, they were forced to support Chiang ii) B/c Kai-shek govt sure to collapse, US sought to create new, Pro-West Japan by get along industrial development, lift trade restrictions * Vision of open, united world was giving way to an acceptance of a divided world with a strong, pro American sphere of influence c) The Containment Doctrine\r\ni) US no monthlong sought â€Å"open” world but rather set out to â€Å"contain” Soviet expansion * As Stalin tried to win control over the vital sea routed in the Mediterranean (Turkey), communist forces threatened to overthrow govt in Greece * new Truman Doctrine sought aid for those forc es ($400 million) in Turkey and Greece opposing take-over of Communist forces under Soviet influence * its basis was that the US should â€Å"support free people who are resisting essay subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure” * it disciplineed, Soviet pressure taken off of Turkey and Hellenic govt regained control\r\nd) The Marshall Plan\r\ni) Sec of assure George Marshall 1947 plan to provide aid to all Eur nations (for humanitarian reasons, to rebuild and ensure it could become self reliant again, to create markets for US goods, and to poweren Pro-US govts against communists) * this include the Soviet Union, but was rejected by them and their eastern satellites * was accepted by 16 Western European nations\r\n* April 1948, congress canonic creation of the Economic Cooperation electric pig to administer the Marshall Plan * channeled scoreions of $ to aid sparingal revival * by end of 1950, European industrial production had risen 64%, communist stren gth in member nations declined, and opportunities for US trade resuscitate e) Mobilization at Home\r\ni) US keep wartime host levels, established Atomic Energy way to continue nuclear research * telling approved new military draft and revived the discriminating Service System * Nuclear weaponry became rudimentary place in US arsenal\r\n* In 1950, Truman admin. Approved the development of the new hydrogen goard * A nuclear weapon far more powerful than anything the US used in WWII\r\nii) matter Security Act of 1947 reshaped major military and diplomatical institutions * created De break outment of Defense to oversee and combine all armed services * created National Security Council (NSC) in White House was created * would govern foreign and military policy\r\n* created Central Intelligence mountncy (CIA) to discover information * As Cold War progressed, they in addition engaged secretly in political and military operations on behalf of American goals f) The Road to NATO\ r\ni) Truman merged German â€Å"Western zones” into the West German republic * Stalin responded on June 24, 1948 by blockading Western Berlin * Truman, noncompliant to risk war by militarily dispute the blockade, responded w/ airlift to re-supply inhabitants * In spring of 1949, Stalin lift the now ineffective blockade * Federal state became govt of west Germany, elective Republic of east ii) To gird military position US and Western Eur nations in April 1949 created northwesterly Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as alliance to protect all members against threat of Soviet invasion (12 nations agreed to take part) * Attack against one would be fire against all\r\n* Countries would provide a standing military force in Europe in case of Soviet attack * Soviet Union and communists responded by in 1955 forming similar capital of Poland Pact g) Reevaluating Cold War Policy\r\ni) 1949 saw Soviet Union explode commencement atomic weapon and collapse of Nationalists in Ch ina to Mao’s Communists ii) To reevaluate foreign policy, National Security Council released report NSC-68 saying that the US could no longer rely on other nations to take maiden in resisting communism * US should lead noncommunist world and oppose communist expansion everywhere it existed * Also called for US to expand military power dramatically\r\n* Defense budget was now 4 clock the previously projected figure 3) American ordination and Politics After the War\r\na) The Problems of Reconversion\r\ni) After end of war Truman attempted to apace return nation to normal economic conditions, but problems ensued ii) No economic collapse (many thought nation would go back off into a depression) b/c of several(prenominal)(prenominal) things * annex in spending on consumer goods from savings equanimous during war * a $6 billion govt impose cut\r\n* Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI apex of Rights) * provided reproduction + economic aid to returning soldier s that further increase spending iii) Problems because of spending lead to deoxyadenosine monophosphately lump\r\n* Caused Truman to sign a bill similar to wartime Office of Price Admin. (OPA) * Inflation also caused nub strikes in automobile, electrical, steel, railroad (shut down whole nation’s railroad line), and mining industries (led by illusion L. Lewis * Truman used military and govt power to stop the strikes (military on railroads, govt on mine workers) * displacement of some minorities and women b/c of returning soldiers to advertise * 80% of them wanted to keep working\r\n* Postwar society in which many women had to provide for themselves created a high take up among them for paid work * Many went into service sphere of influence\r\nb) The white distinguish Rejected\r\ni) After Jap surrender Truman proposed â€Å"Fair Deal” to enact wanton reforms * included raising minimum wage, enacting Fair participation Practices Act, expanding Social Securit y, a program to ensure full phase of the moon employment through use of federal spending, public housing and slum clearance, govt protection of scientific research, and creating nation health insurance plan ii) Fair Deal opposed by Republican conservatives who gained majority in both Houses of copulation in 1946 elections * Repubs sought to funk govt spending (get rid of spick-and-span Deal programs) and economic controls, cut taxes for wealthy, refused to raise wages * Also refused to increase SS, provide more funds to education, or support power projects in West * As inflation soared, Republicans pretty much just told the public to distinguish with it (Sen. Robert Taft)\r\niii) Repubs wanted to decrease powers Unions gained in 1935 Wagner Act * passed Labor-Management traffic Act of 1947 (Taft-Hartley Act) * made â€Å"closed-shop” illegal (a workplace in which no one could be hired unless they were part of a union) * Although it stil permitted â€Å"union shopsâ⠂¬Â, it allowed states to pass â€Å"right to work” laws which prohibited this * Outraged workers and union leaders denounced the metre as a â€Å"slave labor bill” * Truman vetoed it, but both houses easily overruled him * Did not take down labor movement, but it damaged enervateder unions in lightly organized industries * Made more difficult the organization of workers who had never been union members at all (women, minorities, close to workers in the South)\r\nc)The Election of 1948\r\ni) Truman sought to make re-election well-nigh reforms but electorate saw him as weak * attempt to pass reforms leading up to election but they were all struck down by congress * Didn’t have much support inside even his own party\r\n* Southern Dems (Dixiecrats) shiver off and formed the States Rights Party after they became unwarranted with Truman over his proposed polite rights bill * Gov. Strom Thurmond was their chairpersonial candidate * Progressives also brok e off and formed new Progressive Party with Henry A. Wallace as their candidate * Other Dems who didn’t break off attempted to dump Truman in 1948\r\n* The Americans for Democratic Actions (ADA) attempted to yield Dwight D. Eisenhower to contest the nomination, but he refused * Dems were forced to take down Truman as their nominee ii) Repubs nominated Thomas Dewey and seemed to be in strong position to win, but trigger-happy streaking by Truman and his platform to reduce inflation, help common man, repeal Taft-Hartley Act, help farmers, and his strong civil rights support for blacks allowed him to win Pres * Dems also won both Houses of C\r\nd) The Fair Deal Revived\r\ni) New Dem Congress allowed for minimum wage increase, Social Security expansion, and housing (National Housing Act of 1949provided the construction of 810,000 homes for low income families) * but were hostile to Fair Deal programs expanding education aid, guinea pig healthcare, and civil rights * rejected civil rights bill that would have made lynching a federal crime, abolished the poll tax, and established a new Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)\r\nii) Truman did end govt hiring discrimination, desegregated armed forces * authoritative Court in Skelley v. Kraemer rules community â€Å"covenants” meant to bar blacks from residential neighborhoods were now unenforceable by courts e) The Nuclear Age\r\ni) Nuclear weapons viewed w/ tutelage b/c of threat from Soviet Union * expressed in pop culture, film noir (things such as The nightfall Zone, comic books about super heroes), and govt preparations for nuclear attack (air raid drills, emergency radio broadcast drills, radioactive dust shelters) * but public also awed by technological potential of nuclear power (Dreams of successfulness and un trammel + cheap electricity) 4) The Korean War\r\na) The carve up Peninsula\r\ni) Korea divided at 38th Parallel by US and Soviets into Communist northern and Southern poli tical science of capitalist Syngman Rhee (supported by US) * north had a strong, Soviet equipped army\r\n* south had grim one that only dealt with internal affairs ii) Nationalists in North invaded S in 1950 in effort to reunite countries * unknown if North asked for Stalin’s approval, but once it began, the Soviets certaintly supported them * on June 27, 1950, US won UN heroism calling for support of S. Korea armies * Russia unable to veto b/c boycotting Security Council at time for their refusal to allow communist China into Council * On June 30, 1950, US uniform their ground forces into Korea\r\n* Gen. Douglas MacArthur was to assume command over UN forces there * War was seen as ”containment” effort but also as a â€Å"liberation” * After US beat North troops back into North Korea, Truman ordered to pursue the communists into their own territory * cute to create â€Å"a unified, independent and democratic Korea b) From impingement to Stalemate\r\n i) Gen MacArthur (head of UN forces) able to advance far into North, but new communist Chinese govt feared American forces and therefrom entered conflict in Nov 1950 * UN offensive stalled and then collapsed\r\n* by Dec of 1950, outnumbered US forces fought a bitter, losing battle against the Chinese, ceaselessly retreating ii) Within weeks, UN armies forced to retreat to 38th line of latitude * Eventually overlyk back land lost and got back to 38th parallel once more * ample blind alley then ensued until 1953\r\niii) Truman wanted peace and not new world war w/ China\r\n* Gen MacArthur publicly opposed peace effort (Martin letter) and was alleviated of command by Pres in April 1951 * He believed that we should have attacked China through either an invasion or bombing * He had wide popular support, therefore when he was relieved, there was wide public indignation * 69% of American people supported him\r\nc) limit Mobilization\r\ni) War led to only limited economic mobilizat ion, since it had little American military commitment. Govt keep mum tried to control wartime economy in several ways * Truman created Office of Defense Mobilization to fleck rising inflation and discourage high union wage demands * These failed\r\n* govt seized RRs and steel mill around when workers walked off the argument in union strikes * Costly strikes followed (especially in steel Mills) and workers got most of what they wanted as there was little Truman could do and his actions were both rash and ineffective * The lordly court disallowed him from continuing to seize the steel mills because they said he was exceeding his authority * increased govt spending stimulated economy as many thought we were on the verge of a respite ii) Inability of US to quickly end â€Å"small” war led to growth of fears of growth of communist at home and triggered second major campaign against it * public was angry that so many lives were being lost (140,000 dead or wounded) 5) The Cru sade Against depravity\r\na) HUAC and Alger Hiss\r\ni) Another â€Å"Red Scare” prompted by fear of Stalin and Communist growth (â€Å"loss” of China, Korean frustrations, Soviet development of the bomb) * many sought to damn US communist conspiracy ii) Anti Communist fervor merged from the Repubs seeking to use anticommunist feelings to win support against Dems, and Dems trying to stifle that issue * Congress created House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947 to inquire communist subversion * Created by the Repubs to prove that under Dem rule, the govt had tolerated communist subversion * Went after Hollywood first\r\niii) Public more concerned with HUAC investigation into condition State Dept official Alger Hiss in 1948 that revealed some complicity w/ communists * Were tipped by a creator member of the communist party that was now working for the Time magazine * He had â€Å"microfilms” of the documents that were supposedly passed by Hiss to th e Soviet Union in 1937 and 1938 * He could not be tried for espionage because crimes happen too long ago, but because of the efforts of Richard M. Nixon, he was convicted of perjury and served several years in prison * increased fear of communist infiltrations\r\nb) The Federal trueness Program and the Rosenberg campaign i) Truman began 1947 program to determine â€Å"loyalty” of fed employees * this was partially because of Republican attacks, and partly to encourage support for the President’s foreign policy initiatives * President current sensitive agencies to fire people deemed â€Å"bad security risks” * By 1951,more than 2,000 govt employees had resigned under pressure and 212 had been dismissed * FBI monitored radicals (J. Edgar Hoover)\r\n* 1950 Congress passed McCarran Internal Security Act forcing communist groups to study w/ government ii) Explosion of atomic bomb by Soviets led to famous Rosenberg trial to scram out how Russia had learned of tec hnology so quickly * Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were a communist couple whom the govt claimed had been the masterminds of the conspiracy * disdain appeals and protests from sympathizers, they both died in the electric chair on June 19, 1953 * They both proclaimed their innocence to the end\r\niii) HUAC, Rosenberg trial, â€Å"Loyalty” program, Hiss ordeal, McCarran Act, and international events all lead to national anticommunist hysteria at national, state, and local level * Schools, labor unions, universities, state and local govts, all sought to level themselves of real or imagined subversives iv) A fear colonised over the country of not only communist infiltration, but being suspected of communism yourself c) McCarthyism\r\ni) rather unknown Wisconsin Rep. Sen Joseph McCarthy in 1951 began leveling charges of communist agents in State Dept and other agencies * He claimed to â€Å"hold in my hand” a list of 205 known communists currently working in the US State segment * Within weeks, he was also accusing other agencies\r\n* His new subcommittee was at the fore of anticommunist hysteria and adherent politics * He accused many people even though he had little unhurt evidence d) The Republican Revival i) Korean stalemate and fears of internal subversion led to Dem disappointments * Truman was very unpopular and therefore withdrew from the Presidential contest ii) Dems nominated Adlai Stevenson (viewed as liberal and Repubs saw him as being weak on Communism) * Repubs nominated popular Gen Dwight Eisenhower and VP Richard Nixon (became famous for his military campaign against Hiss) * Eisenhower talked of Korean peace, Nixon of communist subversion * Nixon also attacked Democratic â€Å"appeasement”, â€Å"cowardice”, and â€Å"treason” * Both promised to â€Å" leach up the mess in Washington” iii) Eisenhower won election by huge margin & Republicans gained control of both Houses of Congress\r\n'