AlmondHonors World CivilizationsPeriod: 2Discrimination of the Ainu in lacquerThe Ainu (meaning ?human? or ?us?) argon an indigenous minority group who tarry in japan and parts of Eastern Russia. According to Ainu romance, the Ainu came to Japan over 100,000 days before the current ?Yamato? Nipponese battalion arrived. Despite the item that the Ainu have a longer history than the ethnic Japanese people themselves, they ar hushed discriminated against to this day.
Origin of the AinuThere have perpetually been more distinguishable theories about the Ainu?s origin. whatsoever of these theories express that the Ainu came from Oceania or isolated islands from opposite regions; from Europe and that they were of Caucasian job; and from Asia?s mainland but are from older inhabitants than the current races.
These theories were in the main based on the physical appearance of the Ainu because genetic interrogatory was not available. More recent studies, using genetic testing, confront that the Ainu have some genetic similarities with people from Tibet and the Andaman Islands located in the Indian Ocean.
No one knows when the Ainu scratch arrived in Japan, although leg culmination says they arrived over 100,000 years before the ethnic Japanese.
The AinuThe Ainu are actually(prenominal) different from the ethnic Japanese people of Japan. They are ofttimes taller and of a joinly larger build. They are a draw poker more hairy and never cut their view asds. When the women marry, they tattoo what seems to be facial hair close to their lips to mimic the men?s thick admitds. M all people believe that the Ainu descended from the Caucasian race, because of their fair colored skin and round eyes.
The Ainu are a sacred people and still practice numerous of their ancient traditions, although many have been lost. They believe in many different divinity fudges and that all(prenominal) entity whether donjon or nonliving has an embodiment of a god in them. Not all of the gods that they have a flavour in are good. Some are evil. For example, any multifariousness of disease is considered a bad god.
The most important incarnation of a god is the bear. The ceremonial occasion called ?Iyomante? in which the spirit of a bear is move put up to the divine world is finished once a year. In any ceremony, the Ainu allow for shew gifts to the object or animal that is creation sent concealment to the divine world. The gifts are the Ainu?s way of inviting the object or animal to return to the human world.
In the ?Iyomante? ceremony the Ainu will appoint a human mother for a bear cub, which they will steal from a hibernating den at the end of winter. This mother will care for the cub until it is grown and effectuate to be sacrificed and sent back to the divine world. When it is autumn, the bear will be given many gifts and do by as an p counterweightigious guest given beer, sake and a grand feast. The ceremony will last for tether days. At the end of leash days arrows are shot into the bear killing it and at last sending it back to the divine world after it?s time in captivity. The Ainu then drink the blood of the bear to achieve its magnificent powers. The bear?s blood will in any case be sprinkled over the sick to cure them.
Anything arse be sent back to the divine world through some sort of ceremony. ?Iwakte? is the ceremony that sends back the spirit of a small item that is no longer employ. ?Iwakte? is also used for any small animal that needs to be sent back to the gods.
The Ainu have their own separate language from the rest of Japan, which was passed down orally from generation to generation. It is believed that their language could have originated from the Aleut and Eskimos since many of their words resemble each other and the pronunciations are very similar. There are many theories about where the Ainu could have originated, since thither are so many similarities with other ethnicities and cultures.
The Arrival of heathenish JapaneseIt is unclear when the ethnic ?Yamato? Japanese arrived in Japan, but it is manifest that they were not there before the Ainu people. Around 10,000 B.C. to ccc B.C. the Japanese mostly lived by hunting and gathering. This era was called the Jomon period, which is mostly attach by the pottery that is found all over Japan.
From 300 B.C. to 710 A.D. the Japanese began to propagate rice and other agricultural vegetation. They also started an imperial family that they considered to be direct descendants from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. This opinion was the beginning of the Japanese belief of the divine nature of their emperors.
small-arm the emperor was in his position, many samurai who owned land fought amongst themselves for more land, thus making the emperor powerless. This divided Japan into prefectures rule by Daimyo who ruled over those that lived on their estates.
In 1185 A.D., Minamoto Yoritomo gained dictatorial drawship over all of the prefectures of Japan. He was now the leader over the emperor moth himself. Seven years later Minamoto Yoritomo gained the first Shogunate and was named the shogun over all of Japan.
There were three different Shogunates. Each one lost power and was reestablished by other family, except for the last one. The last Shogunate ended when Emperor Meiji opened up Japan to the outside world and began to rise his country. At this time, Japan used guns and other modern weapons against the samurai, abolishing them forever.
by and by the eradication of the Samurai, Japan became more modern, adopting a constitution and other western ideas.
Japanese Relationship with the AinuThe Japanese and Ainu did not connect until around 1400 A.D. when they had their first meetings and began to cordially trade with one another. Although their affinity started off peacefully, the Japanese soon sought to seize Hokkaido from the Ainu. This idea soon led to the battle of Kosyamain in 1457, the battle of Syaksyain in 1669 and the final battle of Kenasiri-Menasi in 1789. The Ainu lost all three battles. After the last battle the Ainu were ruled by Japan. The Ainu nation began to drop very quickly because of diseases and forced labor from the Japanese.
In 1868 the Ainu were not allowed to practice their ancient customs. In 1899 the Japanese regime imposed the Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act to try to reserve the Ainu live and act ?Japanese.? Despite the fact that the Ainu were now living the ways of the Japanese people they were still not treated the same. The Ainu were called ?Kyu-dojin? meaning ?former aborigines?. This act was not repealed until 1997 when the Ainu people were in the end recognized as an indigenous group of Japan. In 1946, The Hokkaido Ainu affiliation was established in establish to forbid Ainu traditions alive and to alleviate the Ainu?s social status in Japanese society. It is still active today, though it has since changed its name to Hokkaido Utari connector. Although Ainu culture was once enounce dead the past few decades have seen people of Ainu melodic line assert their ethnicity both politically and culturally.
The Ainu plenty in new-made Society legion(predicate) Ainu today live in cities just like any other Japanese citizen living normal lives. Although they live with the Japanese people they still are not immune to discrimination. Many Ainu will hide their identity to avoid social prejudice. Some of the Ainu that live among the Japanese are not even apprised of their ancestry because their parents, grandparents or other ancestors, kept it a individual(a) to protect their family.
While countless Ainu are unaware of his or her origin, a survey coordinated by the Hokkaido Government in cc6 taken in 72 cities showed that there were 23,782 Ainu living in Hokkaido at that time. The survey cannot be completely accurate considering that they couldn?t find all of the Ainu people. Ainu activists estimate that there are around 50,000 to 100,000 Ainu surviving today in Hokkaido and other parts of Japan. new(prenominal) estimations show that there could be around 200,000 people of Ainu regrets currently living in Japan. However, it is also estimated that less than 200 people in Japan that can claim that both of their parents are from exclusively Ainu descent.
Because of the Ainu?s ?former aboriginal? status, exogamy is looked down upon in Japanese society. However, as the Ainu become more integrated into Japanese society, intermarriage is becoming more common.
Although the Ainu gained back the right to conduct their traditions in 1997, most of the Ainu live very modern lives. There are still some who keep their customs alive, but this number is very small.
Life for the Ainu is sometimes hard. Discrimination gives them a lot of challenges including not being veritable for jobs. In 2006 38.3% of Ainu were using welfare in Hokkaido.
The percent of Ainu people who attended high school in 1972 was 41.6%. That piece grew to 95.2% in 1999. The percent of Ainu people who went to a university in 1972 was 0%. That percentage grew to 8.8% in1979 in which it then grew to 16.1% in 1999. It eventually grew to 17.4% in 2006.
ConclusionThe Ainu live in poverty because of discrimination by the Japanese people, however, they are starting to see a change. New laws are being passed to help the Ainu live in peace with the rest of Japan and still keep their ancient customs. They will not stanch working to get equal rights for all the Ainu people of Japan. Although the Ainu are still discriminated against by the Japanese, they are beginning to thrive as the Japanese people begin to accept them as their own.
BIBLIOGRAPHYAndy Sharp, capital of Japan?s Thriving Ainu Community Keeps Traditional Culture Alive,http://www.japantoday.com/ category/lifestyle/view/tokyo%E2%80%99s-thriving-ainu-community-keeps-traditional-culture-alive (2009).
Catherine Makino, autochthonous People: Japan Officially Recognizes Ainu,http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42738 (2008).
Edo Nyland, The Relationship Between the Basque and Ainu,https://www.islandnet.com/~nyland/ainu.htmEncyclopedia Britannica Online, Shogunate,http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ thing/541431/shogunate ( edge 2009).
Kara Knafelc, Japan: The Culture (Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., 2005), p. 44.
KidsKnowIt Network, Japanese Feudalism,http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0259-japanese-feudalism.php (2009).
Masami Ito, ?Ainu: Indigenous In Every Way But Not By Official Fiat.? The Japan Times, (May 20, 2008).
Michiko Nagao, Rediscovering the Treasures of Food, Vol 6: Salmon Sacchep,http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/ series/japanese-traditional-foods/vol.-6-salmon-sacchep/?searchterm=ainu (September 22, 2008).
National Diet Library, Birth of the Constitution of Japan, Part 5: Enactment of the Constitution of Japan,http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/outline/05outline.html (2004).
Ostara Publications, March of the Titans, A History of the White Race, Appendix 14: The whodunit of the Ainu of Japan,http://www.white-history.com/ainu_in_japan.htm (October 2008).
Ryotaro Shiba, The Last Shogun - The Life of Tokugawa Yoshinobu, (Bungeishunju Co., Ltd., 1967).
Steve Lussing, Japan?s Ethnic Ainu People,http://www.helium.com/items/1007606-japans-ethnic-ainu-people (2009).
Takehiko Kambayashi, ?Japans Ainu desire New Identity Leads to More Rights.? The Christian Science Monitor, (June 9, 2008).
The Ainu Association of Hokkaido, What is the Ainu Association of Hokkaido,http://www.ainu-assn.or.jp/english/eabout04.html (March 2008).
The Ainu Museum Foundation, The Ainu People,http://www.ainu-museum.or.jp/english/english.html (July 2000).
The Field Museum, Commentary by Stev Weidlich, The Boone Collection-Image Gallery: Ainu Artifacts,http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/ainu/ainu_comlinks/ainu_comlink3.html (2009).
Thomas C. Smith, The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford University Press, 1959), p. 32.
nett Japan, History of Japan,http://web-japan.org/museum/historyofjp/histjp.html
If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.comIf you want to get a full essay, wisit our page: write my paper
No comments:
Post a Comment