The Pitfalls of Title IX :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Pitfalls of Title IX Living with a family that includes leash very athletic sisters and me, I attend a number of girls/womans sports and in a few cases, boys sports. Nothing makes me happier than to see my 11-year-old sister tackle few little smart-ass boy who thinks that the precisely thing she should be doing is playing with dolls. Or to hear my other two sisters brag about how they twain pinned boys in their younger years of wrestling, even though the kid probably neer stepped on a mat again. I would like to see from each one of my sisters go on to have very successful cargoners in both athletics and in the economic world. I believe that Title IX is doing this job, but I am sure that this can be departed about in another way. What eurchs me the most is that in order for my ambitiousness of my sisters to become so successful in sports, mens sports have to be cut. This means that the opportunities that many young men have put so much condemnation into are not available to them because of Title IX(every spring that I have but one or two).In 1972, telling passed the Educational Amendments. One section of this law, Title IX, prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally funded education, including in athletics programs(Empowering). Since 1972, the number of women athletes that were attending college was represented by except 15% compared to a study taken in 1995 that showed that 37% were competing in college athletics while attending college. In the years 1992-1996 woman gained 23,166 participants in 17 different intercollegiate sports. In the selfsame(prenominal) years, men only gained 12,518 in 21 different sports. The problem is that in many of these 21 mens sports on that point are a negative number of participants. In the same years and the same study, there was about 1,160 womans teams added to college sports. In the same study there was a gain of 576 mens teams which again there was a negative number of teams added in man y sports(Riley). There has been twofold mens sports cut while over the same period of time womans sports has done a nine fold. So, women are catching up to mens athletics, but they are doing it in the wrong type of manner. Mens sports are being cut to get this equity(Powers).In 1996, the Clinton administration

Compare and Contrast Sudanic and Mongolian Empires

While the West African Sudanic imperium and Mongols were similar because they both had great centers of trade, such(prenominal) as Timbuktu and the Silk Road, and had a halcyon economy, the Sudanic Empire was greatly influenced by Islam whereas the Mongols accepted many antithetic faiths and the Mongol Empire rose though war and conquest done violence, charm the Sudanic Empire rose through more peaceful strategies. The Mongols and the Sudanic empires both had fortunate economies. The Mongols conquered China in 1220 and established curtail there.This control enabled them to have ownership of the Silk Road, which brought in plenty of cash due to the demand for Chinese products such as porcelain, silk, etc. The Mongols also took taxes and tributes from their subjects, which provided them with money for their military campaigns. The Sudanic Empire had control of the trans-Saharan trade, which included centers of trade such as Timbuktu. under Sunni Ali, the empire reached mellowe d levels in trade and economic success. While the Sudanic Empire was greatly influenced by Islam, the Mongols did not follow any one theology. by means of trade and interaction, the morality of Islam was get around to the Sudanic Empire. Because it was accepted by many rulers, much of the population converted to Islam. The religion became so popular that, in the 1500s, the trading city of Timbuktu had a braggart(a) Islamic university &038180 schools that taught the Quran. The Mongol Empire had a polytheistic religion in the beginning, but had no governing organized religion system. Through interaction, many Mongols converted to faiths such as Islam and Christianity because they were stationed in areas where those religions were popular, such as Persia and Baghdad.There was never any extremely popular faith that the Mongos followed. Although the Sudanic and Mongol empires had different faiths, they were both tolerant to other religions. The Sudanic Empire continued to let the Afr ican polytheistic religions practice their faith and the Mongols did not disturb the religions of the places they conquered but quite a assimilated to them. The Mongol Empire rose though war and conquest through violence, while the Sudanic Empire rose through more peaceful strategies.The Mongols were know for their great skill on the battlefield. It was through this skill that they conquered their subjects. Killing and loot was the Mongolian past time and was a fun experience for them. Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols massacred and devastated civilizations. The Sudanic Empire was much less destructive, compared to the Mongols. There was some violence for shell when the Mali Empire replaced the Ghanaians, but it was not as large scale as the Mongols massacring Baghdad.

In this portfolio I will take you on the journey which I myself have travelled on throughout my IB theatre programme Essay

In this portfolio I will take you on the move around which I myself strike travelled on by extinct my IB domain programme. indoors this portfolio I will portray the processes which we as a group went through and through in order to create our devised instalment as vigorous as how we applied our knowledge and understanding from our experiences into our perfor sm e very(prenominal) last(predicate)-armce design.The StimuliOur production began with each fellow fraction of the group producing a input. Before presenting their ideas we stubborn that we should individually analyse the stimuli and becharm what we as individuals could come up with. We did this before the member of the group verbalize their ideas on their chosen stimulus so that we had the opport unanimity to take the stimulus along diametrical paths and elaborate different ideas and amalgamate them together. Belo is our stimulus and our ideas which we had on each. afterwardwards having discussed the avail able o ptions which include images, music and objects of sentimental value we decided to use my stimuli. My stimulus was of a passwordpaper denomination that had been widely distributed passim the UK.We then discussed the direction we wished to take with our chosen stimuli. We a soak up split into different areas of the room to individually assess our dilemma. Below is the mind map which I created at this time.After thorough countersign we agreed upon the concept of victimisation a current affairs dilemma in order to make for our own. Our group was fascinated by the political outrage that Iran had ca employ with America in regards to enceinte punishment on women.The Research and Development of the p mass utter(a) look returnn how on the 20th September 2010 Iranian Government publically accuse the US of Double Standards in a newspaper article published in The Guardian. Centred on a 43 family old Iranian, Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani and a 43 year old American in that locationsa Lew is. Ashtiani was solutiond with capital punishment in 2007 after it emerged that she had an illicit affair with a man after the death of her husband in 2006 this was later revoked and she was charged with adultery, manslaughter and the complete of her husband. After heavy media attention in 2010 and the international campaigns lead by her children, the US decided to interfere. It was at this point that the political and controversial fight first took form. Iran employ the case of Theresa Lewis and the issues surrounding her low IQ of 72 in order label the US Government as a hypocrisy. As a group we decided to build upon the idea that this issue was now a hygienic known moral dilemma in the eyes of the media and transfer this to our audience.Preparation of rolesDue to a shortage in group members most people on role allocation vergeinate up with six-fold roles outside of plod. As a strong drawing card I was take to twain direct and create our volume. Other roles distribu ted included head of brightness, head of technology (computer, find outions, music), Costume designer/ score designer and overly a physical driving force leader. After having directed a place setting in two our writ of executions of The Seagull Anton Chekhov and also our modernized performance of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet I had already gained experience on my course for this role. antecedently I had directed a scene from The Seagull based upon the German presence in the 20th Century, Expressionism.I had began reviewing work from Georg Kaiser, Oskar Kokoschka and Ernst Toller whom were all extremely influential playwrights. As I had already worked hard to gain understanding of this tradition I truly hoped I would be able to use this experience. Following on from this I began thinking that maybe I could find a tradition for each country involved in order to uniquely moderate my imagination to our scrap. After thorough look for however it was evident that Iran had not really adapted a proper(postnominal) practice in order for us to carry out this longing. Whilst researching I stumbled across the book pictured below and I was struck with the actors linemost people do not speak of theater and Iran in the comparable breathBy Willem FloorBecause of this we decided to change tact and opt to symbolise the juxtaposition instead through lighting and staging.The volumeAs well as directing, my role was also to produce the script. After having seen a production of Willy Russells Blood Brformer(a)s I was fascinated by the narration used. Blood Br another(prenominal)s based upon the separation of both twin brothers at birth uses, a narrator to guide the play. I took inspiration from this and used the rhyming couplet format in order to symbolise the 2 women. Before penning the script we produced a flow chart together with annotating the main plot and adding aspects of theatre which we had cont on our journey. Below is a copy of our chart.After havin g an outline of things to be included in the script I began by listing all of the main things we wished the narrator to insert in the play. We had a vision that the narrator would guide the play end-to-end through facts and that he would create a connection between the audience and the cast. Because of this the narrators savoir-faire was conducted first in its entirety. From here it really felt as though my script had a strong sticker on which to build our piece. As our piece began with a police call into question we wished to keep it at a very simplistic level of speech just equal that of a real interview. We decided on exhibit direction so that the interviewer was not visible throughout leaving the actress playacting Ashtiani alone on stage to symbolise how she was alone and not support when interrogated.It was at this point that we reflected upon our past shop classs based upon speech and theatrical forms in which we can convey speech. A workshop came to mind from the pr evious term where we had built upon the idea of a unplumbed collage. A sound collage is where there is a build up of speech from multiple participants aimed at a point subject. We decided that this would be a room of communicating to the audience a sense of anger or disorder because of this we attached it to the chart in relation to the campaign against Astianis meter as we felt this would apply a strong effect. Another was that symbolisation was used through my script writing was through Ashtiani and Lewis monologues again exhibit how they were both alone yet in the same situation. We began our course creating a one-person say based upon a real life showcase or experience which we had within our lives.Within my one-person show I had a vast majority of my speech presented as a monologue and I wished to transfer my craftsmanship of producing monologues into our script. In order to create the monologues I first had to visualise the casefuls whom would be performing them. Bec ause they were both real women I was able to complete a lot more thorough research into them gaining a better portrayal as them as individuals. From this I severe on themes and emotions which I wished to get across to my audience through the monologues. I learnt that Ashtiani and Lewis alike were very religious thus concentrated their monologues from a very philosophical and religious point of view however I tranquil kept in mind that their two religions were very different and ensured that I kept the appropriate context throughout (e.g. Allah instead of God for Ashtiani).Whilst researching our government issue we had found that there had been a lot of media attention on both cases and we wished to portray to the audience just how much the media had been involved also we treasured to show them how much people are influenced by the media. For the section of our chart where we introduce Teresa Lewis an idea was formed so that she would be introduced through a television broadcast. I began this section of the script by visualising a news reporter sat at a desk within the audience sermon directly at them. This idea developed and led us to have another cast member as a journalist very interviewing Lewis at her correction centre. The idea of another interview type duologue was to portray the two womens differences in the way they were being interviewed and questioned.Allocating RolesTo bulge with it was decided that it would be best to create a mindmap of suggested roles that would need to be filled in order to go ahead with the production. Below is a copy of our mind mapHowever we issued a problem when it came to the casting of roles. As we only had two female members of our group we were automatically cast as the two women. This then left us with three males to overfly a total of six casting roles because of this we had to organise ourselves in a way that allowed each male to cater to two parts without them conflicting. We managed to do this by employ a theatre practice wisely after an idea emerged that the narrator would be in the style of a Bunraku beast master the omozukai. We were first introduced to Bunraku puppetry by our elder Baccalaureate students who provided us with a workshop. We decided that everything in the production should be under the narrators control like puppets would be in a way the narrator could be seen as the controlling governments holding the women for their crime. Introducing this style allowed for a lot of stylised doing pieces throughout our performance.CharacterisationAfter having been allocated our roles we wanted each cast member to fully understand their character whether it be an officer of the law, a journalist or one of the women themselves. We provided each member of the group with an image relating to their character Below is the image I was provided with along with how I answered certain questions given(p) to me by my peers in order to develop my characterisation.It was at this point we e xperimented using a technique called hot seating in order to call forth characterisation. We each took it in turns to be questioned in character. Everybody found it super fractious at first however after a few minutes everyone managed to get the hang of it. We also brought in aspects we had learnt from our workshop on Stanislavski in how to apply his theories. We continued building on our characterisation by face for resources. I found a particularly good resource online 2 from forbearance international which was not only personal but also extremely emotive. In particular this helped me with my monologue as I was able to sense connected to my character in order to portray the appropriate emotions.There was a great discussion between the group as to whether we should apply accents or not. It was decided that we should not apply accents but that we should be exceedingly expressive and use the gift of sound/speech in other more appropriate ways such as our sound collages. fron t endFrom a very early stage of production I had a very vivid image of where I would ideally see the piece going in terms of movement. I really enjoyed both Kabuki theatre as well as improvised dance. We tried to incorporate the two into the scene that the Iranian officials came to collect Ashtianis lover. We tried a lot of improvised movements however found that the final product was much disorganise and we really wanted this scene to be both memorable and gelid so we decided to journey down another path.Further discussion led us onto tableaux however after a short workshop this idea was also disregarded on the ground that the scene should have a content of movement in order to emphasise the roughshod separation of the lovers. From this we organised a lesson where we explored the idea of using creative movement on the basis of a fight. We choreographed a routine using levels to show who was in control and also pace to highlight certain features. In the end the product for this movement piece in my eyes was highly effective in the way it showed the lovers being torn apart by their government and law.MasksWhilst developing our first scene we had to identify the difference in authority to the audience. We also had to show the difference in characters through this method acting due to the males playing more than one character. After having workshops on masks antecedently we were aware that the purpose of masks in Greek theatre was to signify the unity of a chorus because of this we used them for our two Iranian officials as they had no speech during their time on stage. The idea of the masks was to create exaggerated facial nerve features portraying the anger and authority associated with that scene yet at the same time disguise the actors true selves. The mask allowed us to show the severalise between the different levels of hierarchy within the scene as well as symbolise the isolation that the couple were feeling being set about with masked intruders.Mus icWhen devising our piece it was decided that our piece required two pieces of music. There was one necessary at the time of the movement scene where the Iranian couple are separated. We found a piece of music by Radio head entitled Talk show host. The tempo of the yell was highly appropriate to the atmospheric desire as it showed confusion, regret and desire all at once. The lyrics in the song such as You want me?Well come on and outwear the door downYou want me?3 we believed were perfectly fitting for the scene. We were able to synchronize our movement so that our choreography was carried out in time to both the music and in time with other cast members. There was also another piece of music entitled We are the World by Lionel Richie and Michael Jackson to be played at the very end of the performance. This particular piece of music I believe thoroughly puts the human being into persuasion emphasising the importance of life which at the end of the performance is taken from the women. sparkleDue to there being two separate stories going on at one time on the stage the lighting was crucial. We used 2 spotlights (1 for each female character) with colour faded reflective lighting upstage. The flood lights used were chosen appropriately especially in terms of colour. For example green was used to portray coldness whereas red was used to show anger. We tried a variety of colours for the movement scene however in the end after a lot of effort and error we finally agreed on red fading through to blue to show the anger from the officials resulting in the blue for the loneliness and sadness. I really enjoyed experimenting with the lighting as not only did I learn a lot but we were also able to show the juxtaposition. stageFor our staging we tried to show the contrast through black and clean-living flooring, curtains and endorsedrop. Not only did the black and white create the impression of gravelly and soft but it also symbolised the two races. Below is a wor k of how we designed the set.The idea was that neither side crossed the boundary set out in the middle. We placed 2 old fashioned chairs back to back for the two women in the centre of the stage for them to be seated on at the end. Other than the 2 chairs there were no other props on the stage.Because we tried to use a very simplistic set design we compensated for this with a projector carefully placed to project newspaper headlines onto the white cloth background. Also attached to the backdrop was admixture shackles which Ashtianis wrists were placed into to set the scene of her cell as well as show the restraints that she had against her Lewis however had nothing but the chair and was not restrained in any way to show the two sides of the world two political views on law enforcement. As a hale I really enjoyed making the set as well as designing it. Although we encountered a few problems setting up the projector and laying out the flooring I was very happy with the outcome. The finished product was highly symbolic which was totally what we were aiming for.Bibliography1 http//orangehouse.tumblr.com/post/778392704/campaign-for-iranian-woman-facing-death-by-stoning2 http//www.amnesty.org.uk/actions_details.asp?ActionID=7063 http//www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/talk-show-host-lyrics-radiohead/193ae81bd7d8a3fb4825686600141d5f

Lincoln: An American Historical Drama Film by Steven Spielberg Essay

capital of Nebraska is a 2012 American historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, feature Daniel Day-Lewis as unify States President Abraham capital of Nebraska and S anyy Field as bloody shame Todd capital of Nebraska. The film is based in part on Doris Kearns Goodwins biography of Lincoln, Team of Rivals The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, and covers the final four months of Lincolns life, focusing on the Presidents efforts in January 1865 to build the thirteenth Am break offment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives.Lincoln begins a year before the end of the civil war with the exposures only conflict mount. Its a minute of the bloody, close combat at Jenkins Ferry, Arkansas. Then two black soldiers recall the battle while talking to Lincoln about the future of the Union. In January 1865, and United States President Abraham Lincoln had just started his second term in situation as an extremely publi c leader, especially among his supporters. However, the domain is in discommode with the Civil War entering its fourth year and having taken the lives of umpteen a soldier on both sides.Lincoln believes that passing of the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution This would decl atomic number 18 that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall subsist within the United States, or any place subject to their legal power, would most importantly achieve something he strongly believed in, nevertheless likewise end the war since slavery was a large reason for it.The Amendment already passed in the Senate, and was scheduled for voting in the House of Representatives at the end of the month. While he is assured of yes votes from his fellow Republicans, he and his team had to head for the hills hard under the radar to assure enough yes votes from Democrats, which pass on wait compromise in other areas. But other factors may similarly scram into play on the vote, much(prenominal) as the Confederate forces in the war issuing their own compromise to end the war but keep slavery.Meanwhile, Lincoln also deals with hostile relationship with wife Mary Todd Lincoln and their latest situation in oldest son Robert leaving law school to enlist. From personal experience, President Lincoln is thought of as single of the most influential and best president throughout history. Abolishing slavery rattling put the nation on its path to unity and the superpower it is today. take down though throughout history after that historical event there has been several steps taken to further his actions to make black and whites and jibe part f society, abolishing slavery was the largest and most influential step. After watch this film, it became evident that President Lincoln was an extremely well respected world and made the hard finishs that he knew wouldnt be frequent at the time beca use of how the country was structured. The film illustrated that Lincoln was wise beyond his eld and knew that his decisions would impact the nation in a positive manner for the relaxation of time. President Lincolns leadership skills were evident and were the major home in the film.From the beginning of the movie, from his wife to his cabinet members, everyone was trying to convince him that get rid of slavery wasnt going to happen and he will lose the approval of his country by pushing the issue. Slavery in the United States was a way of life up to that point. Blacks were not considered relate and were looked at more as property than people. From the first President until Lincolns time everyone including the past presidents had slaves. Slaves were a major part of the providence because of the labor power that was creation utilized.Slaves were used as servants, worked in the field for countless hours and used for everyday jobs that today are vital occupations. With the thirt eenth Amendment, slaves would be freed of their unpaid work and would now have to be even out for their time and would cause many people to lose money. Of course such an immense decision to change the entire culture of the country would be hated by a majority of the people. President Lincoln felt strongly about the issue and was looking at the big sketch of the country, not the present, which is why he is considered one of the best presidents of all time. existence a leader means not always making the popular decision. Its making the hard decisions that are not always the popular one, but the one that will directly or indirectly benefit, in President Lincolns case, the country as a whole. purge in todays society there is however racism and controversy between ethnicities. Until the 1950s, not too long ago, there was still segregation and blacks were not looked at as equals. After watching this movie, these themes unfeignedly stood out and hit home about how far the country ha s come since President Lincoln made one of the most historical decisions of all time.His leadership skills are evident throughout the course of the movie by being able to sway the decisions of both parties into standing by his decision and believing in him that the 13th Amendment was the right thing. I would absolutely remember this movie to everyone, young or old, because of the history thats behind it. The scene of the movie that really stood out was in the end of the film when the votes were being cast and the leader of the house asked to cast his vote.He was called out by a Democrat that was against the amendment because it was an irregular occurrence for him to cast a vote but responded with, This is a historical event. President Lincoln changed history and this country forever. Even though it took over a century to get to where we are as a country today and many major events occurring in between, President Lincoln was arguably in my opinion the indirect founder of the civil rights movement and one of the most influential men in history.

Childhood Obesity In America Essay

More and more(prenominal) American children be turn ponderous or obese. Years ago an elementary classroom may start extinct star pull the leg of who was overweight further today that has drastic all(prenominal)y changed. We possess a whole advanced generation of kids who atomic number 18 eat oodles more junk provender and prep be in luxuriant forage 3 or 4 nights a week and they are not as dynamical as kids utilise to be.These kids are consuming things like junky energy drinks, Starbucks coffee, Mountain Dew, chips, candy stuffs and more on a daily basis. numerous of them are coach potatoes, video gamers, social networkers, texters, and so forth We involve to crush this new generation of children to become more active voice. They withal need to be educ take ind on how to be aware of what they are take and teach them to eat the so called junk diet in moderation and incorporate more nutritive foods in his or her food as well as maintain an active lifest yle.Childhood corpulency is on the rise due to the umteen an(prenominal) changes in our society and we need to do something to anticipate it before it gets out of hand.Keywords corpulency, children, overweightChildhood fleshiness in AmericaChildhood obesity is becoming a conundrum across the globe and has been declared an pestiferous in America. Children are consuming more calories than ever and many are not as active as earlier generations. For the first time in the history of this country, unfledged people are slight wellnessy and less prepared to accommodate their places in society than were their parents. Diabetes is on the rise, American kids are getting sicker, becoming sadder and getting ferment outter.(W. Sears, M.D., M. Sears, R.N., J. Sears, M.D., R. Sears, M.D., 2006) Many of you probably remember running around the similarity when you were younger playacting things like tag, hide and seek, capture the flag and many separate outdoor games. Then you would get called in to eat, all to go right back out to play until it was time to come in for the night.at once days you are more likely to find children at heart in front of the television, on the ready reckoner, texting a friend or playing a video game, not to mention they may be eat an ulcerous snack, such(prenominal) as a pass waterie or a bag of chips. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12.5 million children and adolescents between the ages of 2 and 19 are obese. Obesity is a good indicator of unhealthy lifestyles, characterized by over-eating and lack of physical activity.Who is responsible for this you might ask. Is it the parents, the coachs, fast food restaurants, technology, a d receive pat(p) economy or even the food sedulousness? We cannot single out and put the blame on any nonpareil of these. However, each one can be a contributing constituent and the combination of them certainly could be part of the cause. Lets take a look at how ea ch of them impacts our childrens health. Lets start with the parents.As I stated earlier, years ago children were orthogonal playing a great deal of the day. However, at a time parents are not letting the children out to play until they are much older because they worry about(predicate) their safety. burst of the rea discussion for this is that the world has changed. Ever hear the phrase It takes a village? Well years ago neighbors looked out for each other and their children. flat everyone minds their own business and keeps to him or herself. Even the cars going through the residential neighborhoods do not seem to be as cautious about ceremony for children. Maybe this has to do with the fact that children are not as often outside playing as they used to be.Families seem to be so much busier today than in the past. Most families are nutrition on two incomes instead of one, which means there is not a stay at home parent reservation home cooked meals frequent. not to mention families are having less and less meals together at the table. alternatively parents are tired and are relying on quicker meals like set pizzas, banquet yellow, corndogs, chips, hotdogs, macaroni and cheese, microwaveable meals, and even fast food. Many families are a single parent household and may be on a tight budget and may be purchasing the cheaper convenience foods that are typically less nutritious and bind more additives and preservatives.Parents are not intentionally trying to make their children fat and/or sick.Most are trying to do the best they can and dont check the long-term effects of all the processed foods, especially combined with a less active lifestyle.What about the schools role in all this? Kids spend a big part of their day at school and some eat set offfast and lunch at school. As a Licensed Family Child Care Provider, each year I keep to take nutrition training through the USDA food program. After taking it one year and learning about gamey fat foods that are commonly served to children, I was looking at my sons monthly lunch menu for the elementary school and spy they were serving as well as many of these high fat foods in one week at lunch. In the same week the kids would be served chicken nuggets, pizza, and a breaded chicken sandwich. These foods are not bad if eaten on use and in moderation.However, what I learned in the nutrition training was that we should ready the amount of high fat foods served in one week. My daughter, who attends the high school, told me that everyday if the students dont like the main option for lunch they could go and get a hamburger or hotdog with french fries as an alternative choice. Middle schools, junior highs, and high schools often defend an a la carte line or snack bar at lunch, which consists of ice cream, cookies, juice, and other foods that are not very nutritious for a lunch. Some schools even have soda machines and snack machines. in that location have even been some schools th at are cutting their physical rearing and sports programs.Technology plays a big role in the children not creation as active as they used to be. There are no longer just Saturday morning cartoons. Now with channels like the Disney driveway and Cartoon Network kids can watch cartoons twenty- quaternity hours a day, sevener days a week, 365 days a year.Today our children spend many hours on media devices, such as cell phones, Ipads, Kindles, and hand held video games as well as the television, computer, or other game systems such as X box. Many kids today would rather be inside on the computer or playing video games than out with a friend or be active. This morning I was at the doctors short letter to have my cholesterol checked. In the waiting room at my clinic they now have a TV up on the wall that is evermore playing something educational about staying healthy.Today as I was  ceremonial occasion it they were talking about how people who sit more than three hours at a tim e shave time off of their life. They said after(prenominal) three hours of sitting you should get up and move around for a while before sitting back down. According to this program we have enzymes in our trunk that supporter break down fat. However, when we are inactive or sitting these enzymes are not able to break down the fat in our body. If that is true than these children who are spending hours on the computer, watching TV or playing video games are not combustion as much fat as they could be if they took a break every now and then and got up and moved around for a bit before sitting back down.Another contributing part to childishness obesity is the food intentness. Why the food industry? Ill tell you why. The food industry is packing more and more preservatives, dyes, fat, sodium, pelf and other stuff into our food to make it last longer and insight better, but what are these added ingredients doing to our children?They are literally turning our children into sugar a nd carb addicts. Products such as chips, cookies, candy and other junk food are being targeted towards our children. Watch a cartoon with your child sometime and pay help to how many of these commercials you will see. You will be amazed.Something many of you might not think of is the down economy as some other contributing factor. Many families are attempt and have had to make plenty of cutbacks on their spending. Yes, that sometimes includes cutbacks on food. It can get expensive feeding a family of quad for a week. It is actually cheaper sometimes to buy processed foods and junk food than it is to buy natural and healthy foods. For example, it is much cheaper to buy a box of Little Debbie snacks than it is to buy a small bag of apples or carrots.During my own families rough financial times we discovered that feeding a family of four from McDonalds $1 menu was not only more well-provided but cheaper than cooking many meals as well. If everyone got 2 to 3 items it was less than $15 for the whole family. However, in the long run eating lots of the unhealthy foods and snacks is going to cost you more in healthcare and prescription medical specialtys from the consequences of eating an abundance of these foods.A family with an obese child spends 30% more in health costs and 77% more in medication costs. (Parekh, 2012,Prevention is Better than Cure, para 1). as well obesity in childhood often follows into adulthood, which further supports the importance of preventing childhood obesity. (Wang, 2011)Fast food is another big factor for some people. I am not reflexion you should never eat it at all but some families are eating the stuff three or more times in one week. When I was a kid I was lucky if I got fast food once every six months and that was a treat. McDonalds seems to have taken the blunt for the fast food industry when it comes to the consequences of eating it too often. They have tried to make some changes like getting rid of the supersize portions and adding apple wedges as an alternative to fries in their kids Happy Meal.There even is a documentary that was make about the negative impact McDonalds and the rest of the fast food industry are having on society. The main character, Morgan Spurlock in the picture did a one-month experiment. He ate three full meals a day at McDonalds, only ordered a super size meal when asked, and never ate food from any other source. By the end of Morgan Spurlocks month long McDonalds binge, he had become depressed and exhausted, he was experiencing outstanding mood swings, and his sex life had greatly diminished.He gained 25 pounds, his body fat percentage increased from 11% to 18%, his liver was exhibit notable signs of damage, and his total cholesterol increased from 168 to 225. However, because of Spurlocks unrealistic termination of excess calorie consumption, the only thing that this really proves is that overeating is unhealthy. (2009) If eaten on occasion and in moderation as well as eating the right portion size it is not going to harm you and that movie can be misleading.However, it does show what can happen to those who eat it on a daily basis. Parents should limit their childs meals at fast food restaurants and think of another quick healthy alternative for those other days they may be in a time crunch.Now that Ive talked about some of the contributing factors of childhood obesity, lets discuss the effects it has on our childrens health. Children are ending up with health problems such as, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and even graphic symbol 2 diabetes. This form of diabetes was previously referred to as adult onset diabetes because it used to be more typical for adults over the age of 40 to get this type. (Schraffenberger, L.A., 2012) Some of these overweight kids are overly dealing with being titillated by other kids and being called fat.This is leading to more kids being set for depression. If these kids, some as young as elementary age, are having these kinds of health problems, what does that mean for their health as adults?So what changes have been made to catch this problem of childhood obesity in America? There have been some laws that have gone into effect. One such law has alter me as a childcare provider. The law went into effect in October of 2010 and states that all children over the age of 2 must be served low fat 1 percent milk or fat free run down milk. This law also applies to the schools. The schools have always had minimum calorie cash in ones chipslines but now there is a maximum calorie guideline the school has to follow as well.This went into effect in July of 2012. Some schools are making changes like taking their soda and snack machines out or having them close up off during lunchtime. Some have even put in new machines with fitter options. Our first lady, Michele Obama has been actively involved in trying to prevent childhood obesity and has even visited some schools that have changed thei r menus to implement healthier options. Another big advocate in preventing childhood obesity is Rachael Ray. She has started the yum-o organization, which is a non-profit organization. According to the yum-o website, the yum-o organization empowers kids and their families to develop healthy relationships with food and cooking.Wang (2011) explains that the U.S. obesity epidemic can have many serious health and financial consequences if it cannot be controlled, and likely minority and low-income groups are hit harder. Childhood obesity is presently higher than it ever has been and we can do something to prevent it. Parents can help by limiting their childs screen time, eating more nutritious home cooked meals at the table (not in front of the television) and back up their children to be active. For families with busy schedules the parents can take time on the weekends to course of study meals ahead of time for the upcoming week.They do not have to be elaborate and can even consist of soup, sandwich fruit and milk. (American honorary society of Pediatrics) The schools can limit the junk food they offer in deal machines and the a la carte line or replace it with healthier options and offer more nutritious meals with the appropriate amount of calories.They can also stop cutting their physical education programs, as keeping children active is very important in preventing obesity as well. Families who are struggling financially can buy fruits and veggies that are on sale or in season and make meals that are cheap yet healthy. Also we should have more restrictions on the food industry, such as mayhap a warning label for parents on foods that are way too high in sugar, fat, or sodium. If we all work together to make as many of these changes as we can our kids will be much happier and healthier.ReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Obesity rates among all children in the fall in states. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from www.cdc.gov/obe sity/data/childhood.html Hassink, S. (Ed). (2006). A parents guide to childhood obesity. United States American Academy of Pediatrics Parekh, N., (July 13, 2012). Childhood obesity prevention tips. Prevention is better than cure. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http//www.buzzle.com/editorials/6-7-2004-55178.asp Ray, R., (2012). Rachael rays yum-o cook feed fund. Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http//www.yum-o.org/ Schraffenberger, L.A., (2012). Basic ICD-10-CM/PCS and ICD-9-CM Coding, Chapter 6, Page 123 Sears, W., Sears, M., Sears, J., Sears, R., (2006)The healthiest kid in the neighborhood. impertinently York, NYLittle, Brown and CompanyWang, Y., (2011). Disparities in pediatric obesity in the unify states. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from advances.nutrition.org/content/2/1/23.full.pdf+html

Why Did Korea Fall Victim To Japanese Imperialism History Essay

This essay tries to lucubrate the causes which contributed to the autumn of Korea to japanese imperialism by inaugural analyzing the bring ab issuement of japanese imperialism, and so looking into the competitions mingled with japan and its 2 major competitions, viz. china and Russia in their guarantee over Korea.In 1853, lacquer was puffd to open itself to the awayside universe by the unite States. It was so pressured by the imperialist powers to subscribe un pertain accords which granted aliens in japan extraterritoriality and which imposed on lacquer low duty rates. rock-bottom to the semi-colonial localize, lacquer all of a sudden realized that the universe was non a safe topographic tiptop. In order to fo balance wheelall being further subjugated by the occidental powers, the leaders of the Meiji politics which was formed in 1868 afterwards the ruin of the Tokugawa Shogunate, formulated a chauvinistic policy of fukoku kyA?hei ( prolific present, strong array machine ) , qualifying lacquer s ends to catch up with the horse opera powers economically and to increase its military strength to guarantee its mooring as an independent produce. The preparation of the policy initiated the development of Nipp nonpareilse imperialism.Development of japanese ImperialismThere were several grounds for the development of Nipp integrityse imperialism. First was the concern for its hostage and gum elastic. Japan s demand for credentials measures intensified as authorities leaders recognized the demand to beef up the defence of Japan against Russia and new(prenominal) western sandwich powers. Bing cognizant of the advanced technological accomplishments and military mettle both(prenominal) quality of the West, Japan had frights of invasion from occidental states such as Russia. Furtherto a greater extent, mainland china contende was militarily and economically weak to the extent that Japan was bear on that china would impinge on in under the subjugation of the occidental powers, which would hold dense negative impact on the security of Japan. Yamagata Aritomo, male parent of the red-brick Nipponese ground forces, who advocated demand of gush more out of security ground than of conquest ground, recommended that Japan non yet protect its ain reign but similarly its line of involvement, which meant that Japan should non merely guarantee the security in the fatherland, but besides need to widen its captivate and control to the continent in order to guarantee its security. Control over Korea was whence a heavy component in protecting Japan against western sandwich states because of the two states geographic proximity and Korea being surrounding with both China and Russia. That the Korea peninsular as a sticker pointed at Japan should non fall in hostile custodies was a chief end of Nipponese abroad policy.The 2nd ground that Japan embarked on imperialism was the aspiration from the occidental power s. Japan had been detecting and larning from the Western powers intense competitions and imperialistic acquisitions. From its acrimonious experience, Japan wise to(p) that imperialism would assist work more resources which could ease a state to develop faster. Fukuzawa Yukichi and different authors supported foreign expansionism. Japan subsequently applied what she wise(p) from the Western powers to Korea in precisely the format that she was treated by the Western powers.The 3rd ground that gave rise to Nipponese imperialism was Japan s ruling in its function of preeminent for Asia states. Many Nipponese leaders came to the belief that Japan had a manifest fate to liberate the Asian states from Western imperialistic powers and to dispense them to collective strength and prosperity. Some ultranationalist groups such as the Black Dragon Society, every bit good as some influential authors, became progressively popular. These groups and authors hold the flummoxs that Japan s hould place the function of leaders in Asia to throw out foreign powers. They believed that the Yamato race as posterities of the sunniness goddess entitled the Japanese to such a function. In 1905, Japan s ecstasy over Russia in the Russo-Japanese war made Japan the basic Asiatic state to get the erupt of a Western power. This position far bolstered Japan s belief in its function to take Asia and assay to convert separate Asiatic states that merely under the Nipponese star would they stand a opportunity to throw out Western imperialism.From the beginning of the Meiji Period in 1868, Japan sought to do the state an industrial and military power similar to that of the Western imperialist powers. The Meiji leaders desire to turn Japan into a ace state ( itto koku ) besides included the power and prestigiousness generalised from foreign territorial ownerships. Therefore, it was inevitable that Japan would fall in the nine of the powers in demands for privileges and rights in other Asiatic states. However, the Meiji authorities realized that its military needed to be modernized and beef up before it presented its demands to the Western powers. Although the Meiji oligarchs were restraint in the outward looks of imperialism in the first old ages of the Meiji period, this did non connote that they disagreed with the aims of foreign exaggeration. They considered it necessary that focal point should be on modernisation and economic growing to catch up with Western industrial powers prior to taking any important stairss to spread out Japan s influence in foreign affairs.To catch up with the Western powers and shorten the procedure in the development of imperialism, Japan had to imitate the bing theoretical numbers from the Western powers. Japan had been rolling the way of its imperialism enlargement. In fact, the gazump proved to be excessively a bully deal, and Japan tried to play for safety by aping both of the two major powers, Britain and Germa ny, and waiting to see in which way the battle would finally travel. Though it appeared to be prudent, the policy was dearly-won, for the germinal activity of both a braggy ground forces and a big naval forces imposed an inordinate load on a little unquestionable state like Japan. Therefore, Britain, the rife Power of the twenty-four hours, seemed to be the obvious and surely the most popular paradigm. The similarities that both states are in place of a group of islands situated near to a Continental land-mass, implying a similar involvement in the balance of power, and the evident achievement of the British method of back uping a turning population by intensive industrialisation and abroad trade, convinced Japan that emulating the Britain theoretical account would function her ain best involvements. In add-on, since both Britain and Japan so felt threatened by the similar competition, viz. Russia, a stronger bewilder besides grew up amongst the two states. In 1902, Britain, the Empire on which the Sun neer sets, entered into an confederation with Japan, the Empire of the Rising Sun. However, the prevailing samurai leading in the Nipponese military tradition, instinctively regarded the ground forces as of niftyer importance, and was determined that its modernisation should followed the theoretical accounts of the taking military state in the West which, in 1868, was the Gallic. Indeed, and mostly for this ground, Gallic prestigiousness stood 2nd merely to that of Britain, in the eyes of the Meiji leading. However, the Swift and unexpected result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 showed the Gallic military repute to be out of day of the month. To those Nipponeses who had most admire the Second Empire, it was a profound daze. With characteristic pragmatism, Japan began to look rather to the Germans, who had non merely defeated the Gallic but at the same(p) apparel had achieved national fusion under the Prussian monarchy in the new Reich of 1871. German s public presentation was of exceeding involvement to Japan. Therefore, non merely did the Nipponese switch from Gallic to German developing for their ground forces, whose organisation was exclusively remodelled in 1878, but by the 1880s were trusting to a great extent on German expertness in many other Fieldss as good, notably in medical specialty and industrial and mercantile pattern.While, on the one manus, the dramatic due east progress of Russian imperialism was showing a turning exist to the mainland instantly opposite the Nipponese islands. As the Russians turn their attending farther due souths in prevail of ice-free ports and, after building began on the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1891, the menace to Korea, and by deduction therefore to Japan itself, became acute. By necessity, Japan had to undertake the immediate job on the continent on its west instead of traveling South, which was wholly different from the historical British attack of avoiding Continental w ebs. Japan allowed herself to be drawn, through the peninsulas, of all time more close into the in the flesh(predicate) businesss of the mainland.Korea s Traditional Relations with China and JapanAt the beginning of the nineteenth century Korea continued to bask the permanent relationships with China and Japan as she had done for the past 160 old ages. With China, Korea maintained a liqueur relationship which was based on the Chinese claim of suzerainty over Korea. The authorities of Korea sent regular tutelages transporting testimonials to the emperor of China at least one time a twelvemonth, normally at the clip of the winter solstice, and guerilla missions on other particular cause, as an look of its entry to China. The Chinese authorities reciprocated by directing imperial missions on particular occasions such as the decease of an of import royal individual or the coronation of a new male monarch. With Japan, Korea had maintained contact on two degrees. Since the early 17th century, Korea had sent occasional communicating envoys to capital of Japan transporting congratulatory messages on the accession of a new shogun. Their maps normally were for the most part observance. Korea besides maintained a much closer relationship with the feudal feoff in the islands that lay across the Korean Strait between southwesterly Japan and the Korean peninsula. Poor in natural resources, Tsushima depended much on Korean trade for their support. The daimyo of Tsushima had long entered into a quasi confluent relationship with the Korean male monarch, which gave him the monopoly of Nipponese trade with Korea, and besides had served as a diplomatical mediator between the authoritiess in Edo and Seoul.Korea had suffered vastly at the custodies of these two neighbours. First by the Japanese who, under the hegemonic Toyotomi Hideyoshi, invaded Korea in the late 16th century. by and by the Manchu conquering of China in 1644, the assurance sept of Yi Korea suffered muc h adversity at the custodies of the Manchus who suspected the Koreans of pro-Ming motivations. From these traumatic experiences, Korea developed alone policies of Sadae ( serving the great China ) and Gyorin ( neighborly dealingss with Japan ) that tried to keep good relationship with both China and Japan. The end of these relationships was to turn off all intercourse between Korea and China and Japan, except for formalistic ceremonial exchanges of pastor plenipotentiary and limited trade conducted under close official supervising. In both relationships, even though the 1 with China was unequal in position and the other with Japan was equal, that the bird feeder missions to China and the communicating envoys to Japan were dispatched signified Korea s desire to maintain these two neighbours at a safe distance. The two policies besides complemented one another by subjecting themselves to China s suzerain claim, the Koreans gained a defensive confederation against Japan on the ot her manus, the Gyorin relationship non merely enabled Korea to hold control on Nipponese seamans anguish along its sea shores, but besides gave Korea a utile negotiate place against China as a buffer on the Chinese northeasterly frontier. The two policies had served Korea good in maintaining the two neighbours at bay.With the enlargement of Western powers in the North East Asia, Japan became more concerned about the state of affairs in Korea. Out of the fright of Russian enlargement, the Nipponese adhered to a policy of prefering the independency of Korea and the constitution of diplomatic dealingss with the great powers as a possible agency of preventing any Russian aspirations to lengthiness or busy the peninsula. In 1868 a particular Nipponese minister plenipotentiary was dispatched to Korea to inform the authorities of the Imperial Restoration that had taken topographic point in Japan and to discourse the constitution of diplomatic dealingss, but the Korean Court refused to trail with him. In the undermentioned twelvemonth two more Nipponese missions were besides rebuffed by the Korean governing body. In 1872 another mission who was accompanied by two war vessels besides failed in an take in charge to discourse a commercial pact. These apathetic reactions of the Korean Government greatly inflamed Nipponese public sentiment and some even called for war against the Korean. Soejima Taneomi, so interim Foreign Minister, was sent to inform the Chinese Government of Japan s attitude and policy refering Korea. In Peking, the functionaries informed Soejima that, trance Korea was a liege province, China was non responsible for the Korean internal in the flesh(predicate) businesss and the jobs of peace or war. Upon returning to Japan, Soejima urged his authorities to occupy and suppress Korea. entirely Emperor Meiji decided to settle the Korean job by halcyon agencies since Japan was non yet strong plenty to transport out high-priced abroad wars. In 187 5, a Nipponese committee was sent to Korea to bear off a pact of cordiality and commercialism. This clip the mission was instructed to use the house methods that had been so successfully employed by Perry and Harris against Japan before. At the same clip, Japan obtained confidences from China that no expostulation would be raised to diplomatic treatments provided the pact was restricted to the gap of Korea to commerce. Under the Nipponese force per unit area, Korea sign-language(a) the Treaty of Kianghwa, which provided for the constitution of diplomatic dealingss, the gap of three ports, and extraterritorial legal power over Nipponese subjects. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most important commissariats was Article I, which stipulated that Korea, being an independent State, enjoys the same crowned head rights as does Nippon. This proviso was the first measure in Japan s class to detach Korea from the suzerainty of China.Japan s competition with China and RussiaFrom 1976 to 1894, Japan and China employed in a series of struggle over the control of Korea. One some occasions the struggles were at the brink of war. These struggles resulted in Japan s increasing and China s diminishing influence in Korean ad hominem businesss. Japan did non desire to travel to war with China because of wishing of house strong belief that China could be defeated. During this period, Korea underwent an internal upthrow between the cabals of Tai Om Kun, who was pro-Chinese, and the Min Family. The Nipponese authorities was profoundly concerned in the state of affairs and feared that unless Korea were rapidly reformed and a stable authorities established, some powerful states such as Russia might take it as a stalking-horse for intercession. On July 23, 1882, Tai Om Kun encouraged a rabble of rebellious Korean military personnels to assail the Nipponese legateship and seized the queen regnant and Queen. The royal household managed to get away, and the Nipponese minster and his staff fought their mode to board a British vas and returned to Japan. The minster subsequently returned to Korea, accompanied by a force of 800 military personnels and 3 patrol cars. Offer to be a go-between, China besides sent war vessels and a force of 4,000 military personnels to Korea. The Chinese seized and took Tai Om Kun to China. Japan turned down the mediation offer and carried out direct dialogues with the Korean Government. An ground was subsequently reached between Japan and Korea. The Korean authorities was forced to pay an restitution to Japan, to punish the persons involved in the indignation, and to admit the right of Japan to post military forces in Korea. Despite the sign language of the Treaty of Kianghwa, China palliate considered Korea a dependent province of China. In September 1882, China cerebrate a commercial convention with Korea, repeating that Korea was still a tributary province of China. The Korean Government concluded this convention in a hope that China might be able to look into on the Nipponese incursion. In 1884, China involved in a war with France. In fright that a direct war with China at this clip might give other powers chances to step in in Korea, Japan wanted to hold a peaceable colony with China. A mission was so sent to Tientsin for direct treatments with China on the position of Korea. While the treatments were in advancement, the war between France and China came to an terminal to the proceeds of China, which gave China a stronger place in the treatment. In April 1885, the two sides came to an correspondence that both states would retreat military personnels from Korea, and that in the hereafter neither state would direct military personnels into Korea without advising the other in progress. The perceptiveness was a farther measure on the Nipponese side in that it gave Japan the same right over Korea as that of China.Despite of its success of upgrading its place equal to that of China, Japan was s till concerned of its security in respects to Korea, whose geographical location and internal status still was a enticement to the powers such as Russia to hold a manus in. Japan believed that the failing of the Korean Government would finally ask for foreign intercession. The ideal method to interbreed with this potency was to manage the Korea internal personal businesss harmonizing to the Nipponese theoretical account, quite done by Japan itself. Therefore, China was regarded as an obstruction. Merely when the Chinese influence was eradicated could Japan presume the place of primary influence over the Korean Government. On the other manus, China still attempted to derive complete control over Korea by reinstalling Tai Om Kun back to Korea and to jam Japan at every chance.The competition finally led to war. In 1893, the alleged Tong Hak Society ( Society of Eastern Learning ) broke out a rebellion against the maladministration of the Korean Government. In June1894, at the petiti on of the Korean powerfulness, China deployed a big figure of military personnels to Korea and informed Japan of the deployment harmonizing to the 1885 understanding between the two sides. In neglect of the Chinese p impudence, Japan besides dispatched military personnels to Korea. However, by the clip both Chinese and Nipponese military personnels arrived, the rebellion had been brought under control by the Korean Government. The King requested the backdown of the Chinese and Nipponese military personnels, which was refused. Both sided insisted that the other withdrew foremost. On July 24, under the force per unit area from Japan, the Korean King authorized Japan to throw out the Chinese military personnels. On July 25, China and Japan went to war. The Chinese military personnels were no lucifer for the better trained and better equipped Nipponese military personnels. In September, Nipponese military personnels captured Pyongyang and began its thrust toward the Yalu River in chase of the crumpling Chinese military personnels. The Nipponese naval forces besides scored a decisive triumph at the scrap of the Yellow Sea. The Nipponese military personnels subsequently landed in southerly Manchuria and on the Shandong peninsula. Fearing that farther opposition would ensue in an discharge on its capital Peking, China consented to negociate peace. A pact was signed at Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895. Harmonizing to the pact, China had to pay a bulky insurance to Japan, and to yield Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands and the Liaotung Peninsula. In the pact, China was forced to officially recognized Korea as a crowned head and independent province. However, merely six yearss after subscribing the pact, Germany, Russia, and France organized a tripower intercession to coerce Japan to reconstruct the Liaodong peninsula to China.The triumph in the Sino-Japanese was of great significance to Japan s route to imperialism. as well as winning a bridgehead on the mainland by keep ing paramount influence on the Korean peninsula, the acquisition of Taiwan offered both an agriculturally bass sphere to Japan and a strategically of import island out of the southern seashore of China. The immense insurance fueled to speed up the enlargement of Nipponese industries. Most of import of all, Japan now stood up as a great power, recognized by the other great powers as every bit powerful. Japan became a fully fledged fraction in the nine of imperialist powers. In 1902, Japan and Britain entered a commonalty defence confederation, which in consequence recognized Japan as one of the universe s great powers.However, Japan had another competition to cover with before it could to the full exert its power to run Korean personal businesss. With China holding eliminated from Korean personal businesss, Russia seized the chance to widen its influence on the peninsula. After several failed efforts to peacefully settle the struggles of their involvements in Korea and Manchuria, in February, 1904, Japan went to war with Russia. The war was a military catastrophe for Russia. The Nipponese ground forces moved from triumph to triumph in the conflict field. On May 27, the Nipponese navy virtually destructing the Russia fleet in the conflict of Tsushima. The two sides eventually agreed to negociate peace as the two sides were exhausted both militarily and economically by the war. A pact was signed on September 5, 1905. In the pact, Russia acknowledged Japan s overriding political, military and economic involvements in Korea.The Fall of KoreaNumerous understandings were exchanged between Japan and Korea during the last three decennaries of the nineteenth century and the first decennary of the twentieth century, which incrementally and jointly culminated to the 1910 appropriation pact in which Korea became a rule of Japan. Of these understandings, the most of import 1s were those made in 1904 and 1905, which resulted in Korea going a associated state of Japan, an d a 1907 understanding which placed the Korean internal personal businesss in the manus of Japan s Resident-General.In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, Korea became a quasi-protectorate of Japan. On 22 August 1904, Korea agreed to follow the advice of Japan sing betterments in disposal , while Japan agreed to guarantee the safety and rest of the Imperial House of Korea and vouch the independency and territorial unity of Korea.After the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Korea became a full associated state of Japan. In the understanding signed on 17 November 1905, Japan agreed to stand for Korea in its dealingss with other states and to protect the topics and involvements of Korea in other states. As Korea s procurator in foreign personal businesss, Japan would intercede all bing and in store(predicate) pacts between Korea and other states.On 24 July 1907, Korea and Japan signed an understanding which gave the Resident-General the authorization to the full control of Korea s domestic personal businesss.On 22 August, 1910, the Emperor of Korea ceded his sovereignty over Korea to the Emperor of Japan. On 29 August, 1910, the ceding was announced to the universe at big and became lawfully effectual.Japan s logic of appropriation was simply following the enchiridion by John W. Foster, the former US Secretary of State who argued in a widely circulated reference before the National Geographic Society, in 1897, that the linked States should annex Hawaii, other than make it associated state, in order to forestall it from falling into the custodies of a rival and possible enemy, viz. Japan. Foster s statements were only what Japan had in head. A decennary subsequently, Japan decided that Korea should be an built-in portion of Japan, and non merely a associated state. In fact, it is dramatic that the evasive action that Japan applied to open Korea was following precisely what the US had taught Japan in 1853.DecisionNipponese imperialism was different from i ts opposite number of the Western powers . Unlike imperialism of the Western powers whose major aims was economic, at the early phase of Japan s imperialistic enlargement, security was the primary thrust. Therefore, Japan s imperialistic enlargement at the early phase was instead prudent and less aggressive. Having experienced the resentment of being oppressed by the Western powers, Japan was sensitive in term of its ain security. Even though the unexpected economic additions from suppressing and from immense insurance, every bit good as the pride and prestigiousness were added to its couch at the ulterior phase of enlargements, security was still the taking concern. Japan believed that a weak authorities would take to foreign intercession. The autumn of Korea to the Western powers would jeopardize her ain security, so would the autumn of China and other Asiatic states. Since Asiatic states could non reform their authoritiess on their ain, it was necessary for Japan to presume the leading and take the duty to convey alterations to those states by usage of force. By do so, Japan could finally guarantee her ain security. The geographical importance with a weak authorities of Korea, and the concern of security of Japan and the sense of duty, were the causes that turned Korea victim of Nipponese imperialism.

Bosch India

Submitted by Group E 12 Simon Mohsin Jonas Noel Surojeet Bosch India Bosch is a jumper c able-bodied supplier of technology and swear outs in the aras of carmotive and industrial technology, consumer goods and construction technology in India. The Bosch Group ope positions in India through six companies, viz, Bosch Limited, Bosch haoma Systems India Limited, Bosch Rexroth India Limited, Robert Bosch Engineering and Business Solutions Limited, Bosch self-propelled electronics India Pvt Ltd, Bosch Electrical Drives India Pvt Ltd.In India, Bosch set up its manufacturing exertion in 1953, which has grown eachplace the courses to include 13 manufacturing sites and septet development and application centimeralizes. The Bosch Group in India employs everyplace 25,000 associates. In India, it generated merge revenue of over Rs. 11,300 crores in 2011. Bosch Limited is the flagship phoner of the Bosch Group in India. It earned revenue of over Rs. 8000 crores in 2011. The busin ess fields of Bosch include Automotive technology, Industrial technology, Consumer Goods and Building Technology, and Engineering and IT services.Vision Creating Value, Sharing Values. Mission To improve the tone of voice of life with Bosch products and enabling customers by maximizing value as an inshore partner in technology and business solutions. ENVIRONMENT SCANNING hawkish expression of sedulousness The Auto Components sector in India registered a hefty harvest-feast rate of 36. 3% as comparedto 30. 6% growth rate in FY2010. The revenue growth in the domestic self-propelled constituent market place can be attributed to the reduction in excise duties on certainvehicles and the grant of 100% overseas investment in the divisor sector.However, poor market sentiments, increase food & axerophthol adenylic acid elicit prices and interest rates took their toll, what with the deal of passenger cars in October 2011 f wholeing to the net in ii years forcing the applic ation to slash forward flavour forecasts. The widening price differential between petrol and diesel has nurture favoured the demand for diesel cars. This notwithstanding, OEMs continued to launch sassy models in all market segments especially passenger cars.oerall, the motorcarmotive sector was able to check double digit growth aid by a unbendable performance in the first half of the year 2011 and partially aided by stable rural demand. Factors affecting the Industry Economic * The simple machine supplemental fabrication has been one of the fastest ripening sectors in the Indian economy. It has a CAGR of 24% over the last 5 years. It had a sale of Rs 1600 billion in the year 2010-11. * Capacity utilisation rates of the auto ancillary sector as awhole decreased importantly in light of geldd exportings andslow low in the domestic markets. The industry players had to grapple with the issues of extreme volatility in rupee and input damage and as a consequence, tremendous mash was witnessed on margins. * In impairment of international trade, the auto servings industry grew rapidly in both exports and imports over last 5 years. Political * The government has taken manyinitiatives to encourage foreign transport investment (FDI) inthe industry. * Automatic approval for foreign equity investment upto 100% of manufacture of automobiles and fortune parts is permitted. * The automobile industry has beende-licensed. thither are no restraints on import of components. * To identify the necessary activities, the DHI (Development of strenuous Industries) has setup the Development Council for Automotive and Allied Industries (DCAAI) * The Governments infrastructure initiatives such asthe Golden Quadrilateral project and NHDP (National Highway Development Program) in ilk manner pitch anindirect favorable effect on the industry. Technological The auto components industry is a very technology-intensive industry. Historically, Indias strength in exports ha s lied in forgings, castings and plastics.But this is changing with to a greater extent component manufactures investing in up whole tone of technology in recent years. The organised sector has increased guidance on quality and has been recommended setting up of an auto design centre at National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmadabad. The DHI has recommended the creation of a Rs curtilage crore modernization/automotive development. ACMA has alike spoken about a connatural fund. Social Social surround is intrinsically cogitate with automobile sector and has changed the demand to the tune of preferences of customers in major way. 1.Business is booming asthe Indian middle class isincrease its consumption. 2. The increased focus on surround sector has as well as resulted in companies researching in developing parts to use up energy efficiently and reduce carbon emissions. 3. Also more and more companies are getting ISO 14001 certification (Environment focal point System). 4. Entr y of global players has also necessitated a change in the organisation culture. Competitive position of Bosch India lens nucleus Competencies Bosch core competency revolves around developing high class in advance(p) products and achieving cost leadership.For that it invests heavily in R&ampD and focus on a lean efficient system in highly agonistic environment of auto component sector. With investments in R&ampD, Bosch is able to focus more on speck slight and economical product. Also with economies of scale and skilled, educated workforce of India, it is able to reduce cost. 1. High market place Share With a market share of most 95%, it has a virtual monopoly in the Diesel Fuel barb Equipment. 2. Technological competencies a. Manufactures modern gasoline and diesel engine systems of high quality, dry-cleaned and economical. . Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment (FIE) has been the core business of Bosch Ltd. , right from its instauration in 1951. c. TodayMICO (Motor Indust ries Co. Ltd. , a Bosch company) continues to be a supplier of FIE to a majority of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) with a market share of over 81%. d. MICOhas also earned a place for itself, in the Bosch world, where it has been identified as Center of Competence for Single Cylinder pumps, Multi-Cylinder Inline (Aand P type) and Distributor pumps (Mechanical and Electronic type). 3.Alternative Energy MICO Bosch is moving towards energies such as electricity while also improving existing agent train technologies, including diesel systems, gasoline direct injection and hybrids to reduce the energy from conventional resources. It has also taken up bio diesel and CNG technologies to address energy challenges. 4. Service In India 50 per cent of Boschs flow rate business is accounted for by the diesel segment. Bosch positions itself as a one-stop shop for sales and service and to make available the entire range of a function of products to those who come for service.Bosch is e xpanding the product range in this business by take almost of its global technology products into India. It is also planning to manufacture some of these products in India. A CORE COMPETENCY CENTRE has been created in the demesne to manufacture these equipments in the MICO production complex. 5. Quality MICO Bosch has ISO Certified Quality Management System. Certified Locations are MICO, Incorporated MICO Europe ltd. and MICO Mexico. Sources of Competitive Advantage 1. The company is highly centralised by the headquarters in Germany. The headquarters keeps things heavily under control.Strategic departments such as Research and Development, Corporate Identity, Production, Purchase and outside(a) affairs are based in Stuttgart and dictated to the worldwide subsidiaries. alter are only when operational departments like Personnel, Sales or Accounting. Furthermore, decisions apt(p) to responsibility of subsidiaries are mostly of operative quality only. 2. Based on the business st rategy that complies with the value chain and support activities, the company holds the militant usefulness of selling products at a price radically less than the offer of its competitors. . Global R&ampD hub Over the years, focus on producing innovative products with continued R&ampD has led to many firsts like ABS, EPS, PAS , FIE etc and thus has provided competitive edge in industry. 4. Large Contact Base MICO has a large supplier and customer base and maintains a long term relationship with them. VRIN abridgment of Strategic capabilities Bosch capabilities satisfy the following 4 conditions 1. Valuable Boschs talent to manufacture high quality diesel and gasoline systems provide scrubbed and economical alternatives, thus adding value for the customer. . Rare Bosch has pioneered the R&ampD in these technologies, and remains highly innovative to differentiate its products. near component manufacturers fall into Tier III and Tier IV. Bosch is one of the obsolesce nt Tier I manufacturers. 3. Costly to Imitate Bosch also has been building these capabilities over many years. Huge R&ampD investments preclude others to imitate Boschs Technology. 4. Non-substitutable In this technology-intensive industry, having high quality and efficient products is the only way to gain competitive advantage. Opportunities and ThreatsBased on the above analysis of the outer and competitive environment, we can identify the opportunities and threats as follows. Opportunities 1. domestic help Investments and Growth a. The size of the Indian automotive industry is expected to grow at 13 per cent per annum to reach around US$ 130 billion to US$ 150 billion by 2016. b. The demand growth at 14% CAGR makes India one of the fastest development markets. c. Though Indias auto component industry has conventionally relied on exports for its profits, the domestic market itself is ripe with rapidly growing opportunities. . Industry experts are hopeful that the country entrust be able to offset China and other Southeast Asiatic countries traditional manufacturing advantage in the coming years, facilitating the industrys achievement of its targeted market value of US$ 40 billion by 2014. e. During the quarter ended June 2009, all costs as a percentage of sales have seen a decline shut for force play, oil and fuel costs. Raw material costs have contributed the maximum to returns in margins as these costs have come down from 63. 3 per cent in March 2008 to 57 per cent in June 2009. . The relaxation of FDI norms for the small-scale sector could emerge as one of the differentiate growth drivers in the long run. g. With investments around US$ 15 billion slated for the sector over the next few years, the prospects for Indias auto market regard very bright indeed. 2. Huge Labour Force a. With 400,000 engineering graduates every year, out of which 7 million enter the workforce, there is a gigantic supply of labour force. b. Skilled labour costs in India are also among the lowest in the world. 3. Linked to Automobile SectorThe opportunities for the industry are also tied to the fortunes of the automobile industry. As the Porters v Forces Analysis showed above, auto manufacturers hold the greatest influence. a. The automobile sector is orbitual and dependent on the growth of the economy and improvement in infrastructure. Factors like increased public spending, favorable interest rates and general improvement in per capita income point towards higher demand for automobiles in the future. b. There has been a conscious effort by auto manufacturers to improve productivity of their suppliers (i. e. component providers) in the past few years. Though the number of active vendors has declined significantly for auto manufacturers, technology transfer and fresh fund infusions have resulted in improved productivity in the remaining ones. c. The growing Chinese automotive market also presents attractive business opportunities for automo tive component manufacturers for exports. Threats 1. take down Margins a. Highly competitive Margins are likely to come under pressure in the long term because as competition increases, auto manufacturers lead find it difficult to increase prices and will try to cut costs.The shoot will eventually fall on auto ancillary players. b. desegregation As manufacturers sourcing components are keen to get components from fewer sources in future, this will lead to consolidation in the sector. Companies will have to focus on quality and abide by rescue schedules if they want to survive. 2. Trade Agreements The growing number of Free and Preferential trade agreements being signed by India with countries like Thailand, Singapore and other ASEAN countries will hurt the cost fight of Indian companies as Indian players play significantly higher duties than their Asian counterparts.Therefore, Indian companies powerfulness lose out on big orders if the debt instrument structure is not ration alised. Competitiveness &amp Position of major(ip) Rivals The Company is operating in a highly competitive market which may exerts pressure both on the top line as well as the bottom line of the company. The market structure is come apart for a large number of ancillary products. The net profit wild 11. 5% year-on-year to Rs 247 crorein the quarter ended June 2012 on rising wear and tear cost. Its competitor Motherson Sumi has recently acquired Peguform and Visiocorp and Vivek Chaand Sehgal and the acquisitions have reaped good returns so far.Its current turnover stands at Rs 15,000crore. WABCO India has reported a sales turnover of Rs 249. 29croreand a net profit of Rs 41. 84 crore for the quarter ended Jun 12. The slowness in auto sales is having a cascading effect on ancillary units forcing them to to cut production as inventories have started piling up collectable to demand slump. Bosch is not the only auto component supplier to stamp down production. Other companies suc h as Mother Sumi Systems, which supplies parts to Maruti Suzuki, have also seen a drop in demand.According to Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India, growth of auto component industry is expected to slow down to 6-7% this year compared to 14% in 2011-12. As the growth is likely to be less, this might result in companies getting more competitive to get deals in their hand. Following are the few competitors of Bosch Ltd Name Last Price mart Cap. (Rs. cr. ) Sales Turnover Net Profit Total Assets Bosch 8,734. 75 27,426. 15 8,162. 06 1,122. 56 5,035. 57 Exide Industrie 151. 85 12,907. 25 5,111. 02 461. 17 3,057. 32 Motherson Sumi 160. 95 9,462. 9 3,587. 46 317. 17 2,152. 70 Amara Raja Batt 224. 30 3,831. 32 2,371. 03 215. 06 907. 54 WABCO India 1,629. 25 3,090. 29 1,045. 64 153. 40 529. 97 Amtek India 100. 15 2,771. 91 1,886. 62 151. 25 3,758. 02 Amtek Auto 88. 40 1,949. 64 2,368. 56 288. 13 7,533. 64 Federal-Mogul 204. 85 1,139. 62 1,151. 48 37. 46 569. 03 Wheels 745. 8 0 736. 06 2,077. 54 34. 35 555. 58 Sundaram-Clayton 185. 45 703. 51 1,033. 94 61. 17 620. 78 Automotive Axle 381. 90 577. 13 1,012. 49 57. 56 305. 65 Banco Products 65. 95 471. 67 559. 63 72. 43 417. 1 Jamna Auto 117. 20 462. 78 955. 58 42. 84 272. 62 PORTERS quintet FORCES ANALYSIS Porters 5 forces and analysis of the competitive environment in this sector Threat of new entrants (Moderate) 1. De-licensing has opened the market new entrants. 2. However, there are still many barriers to entry for the auto components market. sign capital is very huge in the organised market restricting smaller players. 3. Technology and quality demands are very stringent. 4. As OEMs frame the largest customer segment, component manufacturers get into strategic long term relationships, esp. or high value items. 5. Other advantages to existing players include customer service and distribution network. We can conclude that threat of new entrants is moderate. dicker power of suppliers 1. Raw material cost comes to 50-60% of the total production cost. 2. Suppliers to the auto component sector include companies from the electronics, fabrication, plastic and rubber, casting/forging, machine tools industries. 3. Bargaining power is low for high technology products. 4. Unorganized sector dominates the domestic component market due to excise benefits. Generally, excess supply persists.Bargaining power of customers (High) Bargaining power of customers is very high. The demand for auto ancillary products in linked to automobile demand. Demand is derived from OEMs Low Margin Largest Demand, Stringent Requirements Replacement Market High Margin Presence of Small competitors with cheaper prices exportations High Margin change magnitude Demand, Focus on Quality This means 1. The OEM market is very competitive and component manufacturers have to compromise on margins to bag bulk orders. 2. Moreover, delivery schedules and quality standards have to be adhered to very strictly.Companies oper ating in the export market face competition at a global level. Export demand is linked to the increasing acceptance towards outsourcing. In light of increased competition in the global market and oversupply situation, large auto manufacturers faced significant pressure on margins. Moreover, the imperative to invest in new product development increased. This resulted in global majors increasing budget for outsourcing of components in order to save cost. Threat of Substitutes (Low) The only substitutes to auto component manufacturers are organised component players working closely with RampD teams of OEMs.However, this threat is very low. The unorganised components market faces a greater threat as replacement market consumers are slip to genuine components. Rivalry among Competitors (Moderate) Competition is moderate. At the domestic level, market structure is fragmented for a large number of ancillary products. Most companies slang low cost and differentiation strategies. In some p roducts (like batteries), only two or three companies control over 80% of the market. Competition in coming period is expected to intensify, as global players enter the market leading to consolidation.The dereservation of Small Scale Industries will result in admission charge to capital and technology. EXTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION MATRIX Key remote Factors Weight Rating Wtd Score Opportunities Human Capital 0. 10 3 0. 30 Labour Cost 0. 10 1 0. 10 Domestic investment and growth 0. 05 2 0. 10 Continuous Improvement of Products 0. 10 3 0. 30 New Product Opportunities 0. 05 3 0. 15 mirthful season 0. 05 4 0. 20 Threats Regulatory risks 0. 10 2 0. 20 Input cost and inflation 0. 10 1 0. 10 notes risk 0. 05 1 0. 05 Lack of demand 0. 0 1 0. 10 Growth of Auto component sector to drop to 6-7% 0. 05 2 0. 10 Labour Strikes 0. 15 1 0. 15 Total 1. 00 1. 85 The weighted score of EFE matrix is 1. 85. The score shows that the company is not very stiff in taking advanta ge of the existing opportunities along with minimizing the potential unbecoming effects of external threats. References 1. http//www. boschindia. com 2. www. moneycontrol. com 3. News Article http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748703909804575122832895561158. html? mod=WSJ_latestheadlines 4. http//www. bosch. com

Hispanic vs. Pakistani: Gender Roles in Society Essay

When a close has a way of doing things, it is supposed to be like that till the difference of time. Little did ancestors know, with the way order evolved some customs can non stay the same. Jobs atomic number 18 now created for both custody and women and money has become more of a necessity to delay. Looking at two cultures in particular, Hispanics and Pakistanis, they both bedevil diverse views on the berths of their men and women. In addition to what is permissible and frowned upon in a culture. They each eitherow distinctive roles to be played in society much(prenominal) as workforce, and or domestication. However, the cultures both had become impact by changes such as bills, taxes, keeping a home up, providing for children, and the requirements to be allowed a career. At the beginning of time these cultures first started out, nothing else was cognise but what they created and put in their own minds. Both Hispanic and Pakistani men made it their mindset that they must be the provider, the one waited on. macrocosm a working Hispanic man with no formal education, negligible wage is about $7.25 an hour. With only that kind of pay m any men cannot be the only provider for their family, household, or bills therefore legion(predicate) consort hardships. Some men wait behind buildings, or in alleys delay for the average man seeking cheap labor just for any extra money they can receive. In Pakistan, the minimum wage for the grinder 4600 RPK per month (equivalent to 37 US cents an hour for a 48-hour workweek) plus the compulsory 44.23 rupees/hr overtime for more than the standard 48-hour workweek in Pakistan (equivalent to 74 US cents an hour) (Cook). Nevertheless, some men go against how things should be and take on the role of a stay at home dad, while women financially provide for their family.There is no set role in the society people love in today, as times changes so do people to meliorate adapt to the way of living. When the word woman was s poken, many thought, subservient towards men. Contrasting men, women were treated as if they had no backbone or way of doing as they chose in the Hispanic or Pakistani cultures. The role of a woman was, awake, clean thy home till spotless, bear to all children and husband needs, and make sure food was freshly made and served by the time their husband was home from work. Without an approval from their husband, any economic activities, such as employment and ownership of property were prohibited. However, with society altering so swiftly, a man making all decisions is not a pose of many women now.The factor most responsible for the earlier high result rate was the rapid increase in the labor force corporation rate of women, which stood at 34 percent in 1950 and increased to 60 percent by 2000. The number of women in the labor force lift from 18 million in 1950 to 66 million in 2000.. (Toossi). Women build the reason to start working actual jobs to have a better chance of survivin g in society and its vast changes. Hispanic women have the chance of a formal education, but if not financially able there are many low-class jobs that do not require a proper education. Most Hispanic women who are individual(a) mothers, or are the only person providing find quick and easygoing jobs like janitors, maids, servers, and retail, receiving only minimum wage or a micro higher. * How much pakistani women get paid without formal education, how do they survive?

With reference to the case law on direct effect, critically discuss the extent to which this concept (direct effect) is an effective means of protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights.

presentmentDirect action seeks to ensure that the rights of respective(prenominal)s argon creation protect downstairs EU right1. This is not unceasingly achiev fit since EU law of nature is for the most part only addressly useful against interior(a) authorities. As such, singles suffernot usually refer EU Law against opposite individuals unless the EU Law provisions ar crosswisely admitly pictureive. This proposes that the concept of propose violence is not that sound in protect an individuals European Union Law rights. In light of recent fountain virtue, the courts are now employ vertical come up to center as a way of invoking EU Law by demonstrating that the provisions give effect to superior general rules of EU law. This essay will critically discuss the extent to which individual rights are world protected by reviewing the object lesson law in this area.European Union LawParliamentary sovereignty renders Parliament the most tyrannical legal auth ority in the UK. The courts are un equal to overrule either decisions made by Parliament and no Parliament is cap fitted of crack laws that future Parliaments will be unable to change2. Since the UKs entry into the European Union (EU) in 1972 and the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998, the sovereignty of parliament has been significantly weakened. This is primarily due to the point that EU Law has organise effect down the stairs the European Communities Act 1972. EU Law can be used to dis- put on acts of parliament and overturn previous decisions3. This protects individual rights by allowing them to use the direct effect principle to complot EU Law. The principle of direct effect confers rights on individuals which all fellow member States must prize and perform and although the principle is not explicitly provided for under any of the Treaties of the EU, it has been accepted through various case law such as forefront Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Adm inistration4. Here, it was made clear that in the event of a confliction between EU Law and national legislation, EU Law will always prevail. This decision recognised for the first term that the supremacy of the EU would always be upheld through the principle of direct effect.Direct EffectThe decision in Van Gend en Loos focussed upon the rights of individuals against the state and not against other individuals. This issue was subsequently addressed in Defrenne v SABENA5 when it was noted that there inhabits two different types of direct effect vertical and plane. The distinction between the two would depend upon the person or entity the right was being enforced against. Vertical direct effect is bear on with the relationship between EU Law and national law, whilst horizontal direct effect is concerned with the relationship between individuals6. It was identified in the case that if a cross provision of EU Law is horizontally nowadays effective, then individuals will be able to rely upon that provision to enforce EU Law against another individual. Although this is necessary in ensuring that the rights of individuals are being protected by all, there are only limited EU Law provisions that are horizontally nowadays effective. The rights of individuals may mollify be violated by other individuals and companies. This shows that the principle of direct effect may not always be an effective means of protecting an individuals EU Law rights. Consequently, the principle is only effective when it comes to EU regulations and is not that effective when trying to enforce directives. This is due to the fact that directives are not generally given horizontal direct effect.The lose of directives that have horizontal direct effect was identified by AG Jacobs in Nicole Vaneetveld v Le anteroom SA7 when he argued that there would exist greater legal certainty and a more coherent brass if the provisions of a directional were held in appropriate pot to be directly e nforceable against individuals. Arguably, be shake up directives do not always have horizontal direct effect, it cannot be said that the rights of individuals are being fully protected under EU law as violations can still occur. In Van Duyn v Home Office8 the courts made it clear that vertical direct effect would apply to Directives if individuals were prevented from taking it into consideration as an element of conjunction law. In addition, it is declared under contrivanceicle 249 EC (now Art 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) that Directives should be binding upon Member States, though the decision is left for the courts to decide based upon the particular facts and circumstances of the case. Individuals thus have the ability to invoke Directives before the courts, yet their rights cannot always be guaranteed. Furthermore, if the Directive is sufficiently clear and hairsplitting, unconditional, leaving no style for discretion in implementation9 it is u n apparent that the courts will be able to make a decision by weighing up the particular circumstances of the case. Only if a Directive is not sufficiently precise and deemed unworkable by the court, will national authorities be able to intervene.Essentially, it is evident that direct effect will not always apply to directives and as asserted by Tovey some policy decisions needed to be developed and articulated for Directives to be accorded direct effect10. In marshal v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching)11 it was held that a Directive cannot be directly enforceable against individuals, however in Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein12 it was signified that because Directives imposed obligations which were to achieve a desired result, they could be directly effective. Moreover, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratt13 it was stated that Directives would not have direct effect if Member States had not implemented the Directive deep down the time allowed for its implem entation. The opposed case law decisions in this area are likely to cause confusion as to whether directives are capable of having direct effect, though it seems as though the decision will be made on a case by case basis. Whether this limits the protective coverings under EU Law is likely as the provisions will not always be able to be invoked. Recent case law surrounding the direct effect of EU Law has prompted even more confusion. This is because, whilst the courts have made many another(prenominal) attempts to reject extending horizontal direct effect to directives (Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl14), it is now debatable whether this is still the case since the decisions of mangel-wurzel v Helm15 and Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH &038 Co KG16.Individuals EU Law Rights In Mangold the court held that national courts were under a duty to adopt the provisions of a Directive and set aside conflicting national law even if the time limit for shift had not yet expired. It seemed that a new p rinciple was being completed by the court as Directives were originally only capable of having direct effect after the transposition date. In Kucukdeveci it was held that although Directives did not have horizontal direct effect, they were not prepared to apply national legislation as this would infringe the individuals rights under EU Law. Instead, it was found that the principle of non-discrimination was a general principle of EU Law and that the national court was therefore under a duty to dis-apply national legislation that violated this principle. This case seemed to suggest that even when a directive is not horizontally directive effective, an individual can still invoke EU Law against another individual by applying the general principles of EU Law. The court in Re Honeywell17 questioned whether the Mangold decision was ultra vires, yet because age discrimination fell within the competencies of EU Law, it was found that no new competencies had been created. Consequently, whil st it generally depends upon the nature of the case as to whether direct effect will be applicable, it is capable of being used as an effective means of protecting an individuals rights whether this be via horizontal or vertical direct effect. The case law in this area suggests that if a Directive gives effect to general principles of EU law, national legislation which conflicts with the Directive must be dis-applied by national courts.ConclusionIn light of recent case law decisions, the protection that is being afforded to individuals under EU Law is now more effective through the principle of direct effect than it ever was. Previously, if an EU Law provision did not have horizontal direct effect, individuals could not invoke EU Law against another individual such as their employer. This resulted in discriminatory treatment and prevented individuals from relying upon their rights under EU Law. Since Mangold and Kucukdeveci, individuals will be capable of invoking Directives that gi ve effect to general principles of EU law against other individuals.BibliographyText Books Alina Kaczorowska, European Union Law (Routledge 2013).John Fairhurst, Law of the European Union (Pearson Education, 2010).Lorna Woods and Phillipa Watson, Textbook on EU Law, (12th Edn, Oxford University Press, 2014).Nigel Foster, Foster on EU Law (OUP Oxford 2011) 219.Online Journal Articles Gwyn Tovey, European Union Law (2011) EU Law and National Law, accessed 02 December 2014.Parliament, Parliamentary Sovereignty (UK Parliament) accessed 01 December 2014 typeface Law Defrenne v SABENA Case 2/74 1974 ECR 631 Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein Case 9/70, 1970 ECR 825Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl Case 91/92 1995 entirely ER (EC) 1Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH &038 Co KG 2010 All ER (EC) 867)Mangold v Helm 2006 All ER (EC) 383Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) 1986 ECR 723 Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA Case 316/93, 1994 ECR 1-793 290Pubblico Ministero v Rat t Case 148/78, 1979 ECR 1629Re Honeywell 2011 1 CMLR 1067 Van Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration 1963 ECR 1